Dönel Kavşak Geometrik Elemanlarının Kavşak Güvenliği Üzerine Etkisinin Literatür Işığında Değerlendirilmesi

Ulaşım sistemi içerisindeki trafik akımının güvenli ve etkin biçimde işlemesi üzerinde büyük rolü bulunan kavşaklar, faaliyet alanı, geometrik özellikleri ve denetim şekillerine göre farklı kategorilere ayrılmaktadır. Kontrollü eş düzey kavşak kategorisindeki dönel kavşaklar, trafik akımının merkezi ada etrafında yönlendirildiği ve ada içerisindeki araçların ilk geçiş hakkına sahip olduğu kavşak tipidir. Dönel kavşakların her bir geometrik elemanı kavşağın işleyiş, kapasite ve güvenliği üzerinde rol oynamaktadır. İyi tasarlanmış bir dönel kavşak, araçların dolaşım yolu boyunca hızlarının sabit kalmasını sağlayarak kavşak güvenliğinin optimize edilmesine yardımcı olur. Bu makalede, dönel kavşakların geometrik elemanlarının kavşak güvenliği üzerine etkilerinin incelendiği çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Dönel kavşakların her bir geometrik elemanın literatürde yer alan çalışmalar ışığında kavşak güvenliğiyle olan ilişkileri ve bazı ülkelerin standart/kılavuzlarında yer alan tasarım kriterleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmayla amaçlanan, yapılmış çalışmalar doğrultusunda, dönel kavşak geometrik elemanlarının tasarımlarının kavşak güvenliği açısından hayati önem taşıdığını ortaya koymaktır. Ülkemizde bu konuyla ilgili olarak daha önce yapılmış detaylı çalışmalara rastlanılmaması çalışmamızın motivasyon kaynağı olmuştur. Ülkemizdeki dönel kavşakların hangi standart/kılavuzlara bağlı olarak yapıldığı ile ilgili bilgi yetersizliği olduğu da görülmektedir. Çalışma sonucunda dönel kavşaklardaki güvenliğin sağlanabilmesi için geometrik elemanların birbirleriyle etkileşim içinde ve uygun fiziki boyutlarda tasarlanması gerektiği belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca trafik güvenliği bakımından ülkemizde bu konuyla ilgili ivedilikle çalışmalara başlanılması ve ülkemiz koşullarına özgü tasarım standart/kılavuzu hazırlanması gerektiği ifade edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Dönel kavşak, kavşak geometrisi, güvenlik, geometrik tasarım

Evaluation the Effect of Roundabouts’ Geometric Elements on Intersection Safety in the Light of Literature

Intersections, which have a great role in the safe and effective operation of traffic in the transportation system, are categorized according to their grade level, geometric properties, and control type. A roundabout is the type of grade level intersections, in which vehicle passages around the island are provided through circulatory roadway and vehicles gives priority to the traffic around the island. Each geometric element of roundabouts plays a role in the operation, capacity and safety of the roundabout. A well-designed roundabout helps optimize intersection safety by ensuring that vehicles' speeds remain constant along the circulatory roadway. This article examines the effects of geometric elements of roundabouts on intersection safety. In the light of the studies in the literature each geometric element of the roundabouts, the relationship with the intersection safety and the design criteria included in the standard/guidelines of some countries are investigated. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that the designs of roundabouts geometric elements are of crucial importance in terms of intersection safety. The lack of detailed studies on this subject in our country has been the motivation of our study. It is also seen that there is a lack of information about which roundabouts are built depending on the standards/guidelines in our country. As a result of the study, it was stated that geometric elements should be designed in roundabouts with each other and proper physical dimensions to ensure safety at roundabouts. In addition, it is stated that in terms of traffic safety, work on this subject should be started immediately and the design standard/manual specific to the conditions of our country should be prepared.

Keywords:

Roundabout, roundabout geometry, safety, geometric design,

PDF

___

[1] Tiwari, G. and D. Mohan, ''Transport planning and traffic safety: making cities, roads, and vehicles safer''. CRC Press, (2016).
[2] Elvik, R., A. Høye, T. Vaa, and M. Sørensen, ''The Handbook of Road Safety Measures '', Emerald, Bingley, (2009).
[3] Association, W.R., ''Road Safety Manual: Recommendations from the World Road Association (PIARC)''. Route2 Market, (2003).
[4] Ogden, K.W., ''Safer roads: a guide to road safety engineering''. (1996).
[5] Novák, J., J. Ambros, and J. Frič, ''How Roundabout Entry Design Parameters Influence Safety''. Transportation Research Record, 2672(34): p. 73-84, (2018).
[6] Intersection Safety. 04.05.2019] Available from: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/research/topics/safety/intersections/.
[7] European Commission Basic Traffic Safety Facts 2015. 10.05.2019] Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/statistics_en.
[8] EGM, ''Karayolu Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri'', Ankara, (2012).
[9] TUİK, ''Trafik Kaza İstatistikleri'', TUİK Yayınları, Ankara, (2012).
[10] TUİK, ''Trafik Kazaları İstatistiği 2012'', TUİK Yayınları, Ankara, (2013).
[11] Kaygısız and N. Sümer, ''Kentsel Kavşaklardaki Elektronik Denetim Sistemlerinin Trafik Kazalarına Etkisi: Ankara Örneği''. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 34(2), (2018).
[12] Günay, B., M.M. Aydın, and K. Akgöl, ''Modern Dönel Kavşaklara Sorunsuz Bir Dönüşümün Bilimsel Metodolojisi'', in Karayolu 3. Ulusal Kongresi: Ankara, (2014).
[13] Kennedy, J., ''International comparison of roundabout design guidelines''. TRL, (2007).
[14] Elvik, R., T. Vaa, A. Hoye, and M. Sorensen, ''The handbook of road safety measures''. Emerald Group Publishing, (2009).
[15] Rodegerdts, L.A., ''Roundabouts: An informational guide''. Vol. 672. Transportation Research Board, (2010).
[16] Flannery, A., ''Geometric design and safety aspects of roundabouts''. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1751): p. 76-81, (2001).
[17] Dixon, K. and J. Zheng, ''Developing safety performance measures for roundabout applications in the state of Oregon'', (2013).
[18] Bared, J., W. Prosser, and C. Esse, ''State-of-the-art design of roundabouts''. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1579): p. 1-10, (1997).
[19] KGM, ''Karayolu Tasarım El Kitabı'', Ankara, (2005).
[20] ''Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice Part 6 - Roundabouts'', (1993).
[21] Brilon, W. and B. Stuwe, ''Capacity and design of traffic circles in Germany''. Transportation Research Record: p. 61-61, (1993).
[22] Schoon, C. and J. Van Minnen, ''Accidents On Roundabouts II. Second Study Into The Road Safety Aspects Of Dutch Roundabouts, In Particular With Regard To Cyclists And Moped Riders'', SWOV Institute for Road Safety Research, Leidschendam, Netherlands, (1993).
[23] Waddell, E., ''Evolution of roundabout technology: a history-based literature review'', in Institute of Transportation Engineers 67th annual MeetingInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). 1997).
[24] Kennedy, J.V., R. Hall, and S. Barnard, ''Accidents at urban mini-roundabouts''. (1998).
[25] Garder, P., ''The Modern Roundabouts: The Sensible Alternative for Maine. Maine Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning, Research and Community Services''. Transportation Research Division, (1998).
[26] McIntosh, K., C. Redinger, and J. Bagdade, ''Evaluating the performance and safety effectiveness of roundabouts'', Opus International Consultants, (2011).
[27] Persaud, B.N., R.A. Retting, P.E. Garder, and D. Lord, ''Crash reductions following installation of roundabouts in the United States''. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, (2000).
[28] TRL, ''Roundabout Design for Capacity and Safety - The UK Empirical Methodology'', Transport Research Laboratory Berkshire UK, (2003).
[29] Robinson, B.W., vd., ''Roundabouts: An informational guide'', (2000).
[30] Thai Van, M.-J. and P. Balmefrezol, ''Design of roundabouts in France: Historical context and state of the art''. Transportation Research Record, 1737(1): p. 92-97, (2000).
[31] Spacek, P., ''Basis of the Swiss design standard for roundabouts''. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1881): p. 27-35, (2004).
[32] Guichet, B., ''Evolution of roundabouts in France and new uses''. Transportation research circular, (E-C083): p. 7p-7p, (2005).
[33] Lenters, M.S., ''Safety auditing roundabouts'', in National Roundabout Conference. 2005).
[34] SETRA, ''The Design of Interurban Intersections on Major Roads'', Service d’Etudes Techniques des Routes et Autoroutes, France, (1998).
[35] Walker, J. and S. Pittam, ''Accidents at Mini-Roundabouts: Frequencies and Rates''. Contractor Report, (161), (1989).
[36] Maycock, G. and R. Hall, ''Accidents at 4-arm roundabouts'', (1984).
[37] Hall, R. and R. Surl, ''Accidents at four-arm roundabouts and dual-carriageway junctions-some preliminary findings''. Traffic Engineering & Control, 22(6), (1981).
[38] Brilon, W., ''Kreisverkehrsplaetze mit Lichtsignalanlagen''. Strassenverkehrstechnik, 39(8), (1995).
[39] Rodegerdts, L., vd., ''Roundabouts in the United States-NCHRP Report 572''. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, (2007).
[40] Persaud, B., R. Retting, P. Garder, and D. Lord, ''Safety effect of roundabout conversions in the united states: Empirical bayes observational before-after study''. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, (1751): p. 1-8, (2001).
[41] Troutbeck, R., ''Capacity and design of traffic circles in Australia''. Transportation Research Record, 1398: p. 68-74, (1993).
[42] Schoon, C. and J. van Minnen, ''Safety of roundabouts in The Netherlands''. Traffic engineering and control, 35(3): p. 142-148, (1994).
[43] Gates, T. and R. Maki, ''Converting old traffic circles to modern roundabouts: Michigan State University case study''. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, (2000).
[44] Gross, F., C. Lyon, B. Persaud, and R. Srinivasan, ''Safety effectiveness of converting signalized intersections to roundabouts''. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50: p. 234-241, (2013).
[45] Ambros, J., R. Turek, and Z. Janoška, ''Safety evaluation of Czech roundabouts''. Advances in Transportation Studies, 40: p. 111-122, (2016).
[46] Elvik, R., ''Road safety effects of roundabouts: A meta-analysis''. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 99: p. 364-371, (2017).
[47] Flannery, A. and T.K. Datta, ''Modern roundabouts and traffic crash experience in United States''. Transportation Research Record, 1553(1): p. 103-109, (1996).
[48] Council, F., vd., ''Accident Research Manual. Final Report''. (1980).
[49] Hauer, E., ''Statistical test of difference between expected accident frequencies''. Transportation Research Record, 1542(1): p. 24-29, (1996).
[50] Bared, J. and K. Kennedy, ''Safety Impacts of Modern Roundabouts''. ITE Safety Toolbox, (1999).
[51] Retting, R.A., B.N. Persaud, P.E. Garder, and D. Lord, ''Crash and injury reduction following installation of roundabouts in the United States''. American journal of public health, 91(4): p. 628, (2001).
[52] Guichet, B., ''Roundabouts in France: Development, Safety, Design, and Capacity'', in Third International Symposium on Intersections Without Traffic Signals Transportation Research Board. 1997).
[53] Elvik, R., ''Assessing the validity of road safety evaluation studies by analysing causal chains''. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(5): p. 741-748, (2003).
[54] Vlahos, E., vd., ''Evaluating the conversion of all-way stop-controlled intersections into roundabouts''. Transportation Research Record, 2078(1): p. 80-89, (2008).
[55] Isebrands, H., ''Crash analysis of roundabouts at high-speed rural intersections''. Transportation research record, 2096(1): p. 1-7, (2009).
[56] Montella, A., ''Roundabout in-service safety reviews: safety assessment procedure''. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board: p. 40-50, (2007).
[57] Wang, B., D.A. Hensher, and T. Ton, ''Safety in the road environment: a driver behavioural response perspective''. Transportation, 29(3): p. 253-270, (2002).
[58] Muffert, M., D. Pfeiffer, and U. Franke, ''A stereo-vision based object tracking approach at roundabouts''. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 5(2): p. 22-32, (2013).
[59] Kadeha, C., ''Influence Of Traffic And Geometric Features On Safety And operations Of Roundabouts'', The Florida State University, (2018).
[60] Dabbour, E., M. Al Awadhi, M. Aljarah, M. Mansoura, and M. Haider, ''Evaluating safety effectiveness of roundabouts in Abu Dhabi''. IATSS Research, 42(4): p. 274-283, (2018).
[61] AASHTO, ''A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets'', AASHTO, (2011).
[62] Hanscom, F.R., ''Drivers’ understanding of innovative roundabout traffic control devices''. ITE journal, 80(7): p. 40-44, (2010).
[63] McKnight, G.A., A.J. Khattak, and R. Bishu, ''Driver characteristics associated with knowledge of correct roundabout negotiation''. Transportation Research Record, 2078(1): p. 96-99, (2008).
[64] Harkey, D.L. and D.L. Carter, ''Observational analysis of pedestrian, bicyclist, and motorist behaviors at roundabouts in the United States''. Transportation research record, 1982(1): p. 155-165, (2006).
[65] Pilko, H., S. Mandžuka, and D. Barić, ''Urban single-lane roundabouts: A new analytical approach using multi-criteria and simultaneous multi-objective optimization of geometry design, efficiency and safety''. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 80: p. 257-271, (2017).
[66] Daniels, S., E. Nuyts, and G. Wets, ''The effects of roundabouts on traffic safety for bicyclists: an observational study''. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(2): p. 518-526, (2008).
[67] Chen, Y., B. Persaud, and C. Lyon, ''Effect of Speed on Roundabout Safety Performance: Implications for Use of Speed as Surrogate Measure'', (2011).
[68] Johnson, W. and A. Flannery, ''Estimating Speeds at High Speed Rural Roundabouts'', in 3rd International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design Transportation Research Board Chicago Illinois, United States: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 2005).
[69] Gallelli, V., R. Vaiana, and T. Iuele, ''Comparison between simulated and experimental crossing speed profiles on roundabout with different geometric features''. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 111: p. 117-126, (2014).
[70] Isebrands, H., ''Quantifying Safety and Speed Data for Rural Roundabouts with High-Speed Approaches'', (Doctoral ), Iowa State University, (2012).
[71] Jensen, S.U., ''Safety Effects of Height of Central Islands, Sight Distances, Markings and Signage at Single-lane Roundabouts'', in 5th International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design. Vancouver, Canada2015).
[72] Park, M., D. Lee, and J.-J. Park, ''An Investigation of the Safety Performance of Roundabouts in Korea Based on a Random Parameters Count Model''. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018, (2018).
[73] Mandavilli, S., A.T. McCartt, and R.A. Retting, ''Crash patterns and potential engineering countermeasures at Maryland roundabouts''. Traffic injury prevention, 10(1): p. 44-50, (2009).
[74] Kim, S. and J. Choi, ''Safety analysis of roundabout designs based on geometric and speed characteristics''. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 17(6): p. 1446-1454, (2013).
[75] Jensen, S.U., ''Safety effects of converting intersections to roundabouts''. Transportation research record, 2389(1): p. 22-29, (2013).
[76] Aumann, P., ''Guide to road design part 4B: roundabouts'', 1925294846, (2015).
[77] Bassani, M. and E. Sacchi, ''Investigation into speed performance and consistency of urban 447 roundabouts: an Italian case study''. TRB 3rd International Roundabout, 448, (2011).
[78] Wolhuter, K., ''Geometric design of roads handbook''. CRC Press, (2015).
[79] ''Roundabouts: An Informational Guide'', (2010).
[80] Alphand, F., U. Noelle, and B. Guichet, ''Roundabouts and Road Safety'', in Intersections without traffic signals II. Springer. p. 107-125.(1991).
[81] Tanyel, S., ''Türkiye'deki dönel kavşaklar için kapasite hesap yöntemi'', (Doktora), İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, İstanbul (2001).
[82] Jørgensen, E. and N. Jørgensen, ''Er der mere nyt om rundkørsler''. Dansk Vejtidsskrift, 12: p. 29-31, (1992).
[83] Lalani, N., ''The impact on accidents of the introduction of mini, small and large roundabouts at major/minor priority junctions''. Traffic Engineering & Control, 16(Analytic), (1975).
[84] Thomas, G. and A. Nicholson, ''Rural Roundabouts and Their Application in New Zealand'', in Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ) Transportation Group. Technical Conference Papers 2003 Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand. 2003).
[85] Brüde, U. and J. Larsson, ''Trafiksäkerhet i cirkulationsplatser för cyklister och fotgängare''. Statens väg-och transportforskningsinstitut., VTI meddelande 864, (1999).
[86] Jørgensen, E. and N. Jørgensen, ''Trafiksikkerhed i rundkørsler i Danmark''. Rapport, 235: p. 2002, (2002).
[87] Jørgensen, N., ''Rundkørslers kapacitet og sikkerhed (Roundabout capacity and safety)''. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, (1991).
[88] Jørgensen, E. and N. Jörgensen, ''Trafiksikkerhed i 82 danske rundkörsler: Anlagt efter 1985''. Vejdirektoratet, (1994).
[89] Montonen, S., ''Kiertoliittymien turvallisuus (The safety of roundabouts)''. Tiehallento, Helsinki, Finland, (2008).
[90] Daniels, S., T. Brijs, E. Nuyts, and G. Wets, ''Extended prediction models for crashes at roundabouts''. Safety science, 49(2): p. 198-207, (2011).
[91] Brilon, W., ''Roundabouts: A state of the art in Germany'', in National Roundabout Conference, Vail, Colorado. 2005).
[92] Harper, N.J. and R. Dunn, ''Accident prediction models at roundabouts'', in ITE 2005 Annual Meeting and Exhibit Compendium of Technical PapersInstitute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) ARRB Group Limited. 2005).
[93] Ji, K.Y., ''The Analysis of a Factor of the Accident at a Roundabout Considering as the Driver's Peculiarities'', Myongji University, Seoul, (2013).
[94] Spahn, V. and G. Bäumler, ''Sicherheit von Kreisverkehrsplätzen und Lichtzeichenanlagen in Bayern / Traffic safety of roundabouts and intersections equipped with traffic lights''. Straßenverkehrstechnik, 51(7), (2007).
[95] Jensen, S.U., ''Evaluering af effekter af rundkørsler med forskellig udformning''. Evaluation of effects of roundabouts with various design), Trafitec, Lyngby, Denmark, (2013).
[96] Tumber, C., ''Review of pedestrian safety at roundabouts''. (1997).
[97] Tollazzi, T., ''Alternative Types of Roundabouts''. Vol. 6. Springer, (2015).
[98] Richie, S. and M. Lenters, ''High speed approaches at roundabouts''. Transportation research circular,, E-C083: p. 56-56, (2005).
[99] Arndt, O. and R.J. Troutbeck, ''Relationship between roundabout geometry and accident rates''. Transportation research circular, (E-C003): p. 28: 1-16, (1998).
[100] Anjana, S. and M. LR Anjaneyulu, ''Development of safety performance measures for urban roundabouts in India''. Journal of transportation engineering, 141(1): p. 04014066, (2014).
[101] Ahiamadi, S.K., Z. Tian, and A.R. Gibby, ''Nevada Roundabout Implementation Guidelines'', Nevada. Dept. of Transportation, (2012).
[102] Jacquemart, G., ''Modern roundabout practice in the United States''. (1998).
[103] Jensen, S.U., ''Uheldsmodeller for rundkørsler (Roundabout accident models)'', Trafitec, Lyngby, Denmark, (2013).
[104] KDOT, ''Kansas Roundabout Guide'', Kansas Department of Transportation, Kansas, (2003).
[105] Flannery, A. and L. Elefteriadou, ''A review of roundabout safety performance in the United States'', in Proceedings of the 69th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Transportation Engineers. 1999).
[106] Steinmetz, L. and P. Aumann, ''Guide to traffic management part 6: intersections, interchanges and crossings''. (2017).
[107] Al-Suleiman, T., F.A. Al-Bandoura, and H. Al-Masaeid, ''Traffic safety at roundabouts in Urban Areas-Case Study in Jordan''. Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid-22110-Jordan, (2006).
[108] Aagaard, P., ''Methods for choice of traffic control at crossroads''. Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark, (1995).
[109] ''Design Manual for Roads And Bridges (DMRB)'', (2007).
[110] ''A Safety Auditor’s View of Roundabout Design'', Warwickshire County Council, England, (1997).
[111] Colonna, P., N. Berloco, P. Intini, A. Perruccio, and V. Ranieri, ''Evaluating skidding risk of a road layout for all types of vehicles''. Transportation Research Record, 2591(1): p. 94-102, (2016).
[112] Crown, R., ''RODEL An Interactive Model for Predicting the Effect of Detailed Roundabout Geometry on Accidents''. Capacity, Queues and Delays, Highways Department, Staffordshire County Council, England,“Giratoires, 92, (1993).
[113] Trueblood, M. and J. Dale, ''Simulating roundabouts with VISSIM'', in 2nd Urban Street Symposium: Uptown, Downtown, or Small Town: Designing Urban Streets that Work. USA: Transportation Research Board2003).
[114] Arndt, O., ''Roundabout safety study: Effect of geometry on accident rate''. (1991).
[115] Robinson, D.L., ''Accidents at Roundabouts in New South Wales''. Road and Transport Research, (1998).
[116] Guido, G.P., F.F. Saccomanno, V. Astarita, and A. Vitale, ''Measuring safety performance at roundabouts using videotaped vehicle tracking data'', (2009).
[117] Turner, S., A.P. Roozenburg, and A. Smith, ''Roundabout crash prediction models''. (2009).
[118] Ambros, J., vd., ''Central European comparative study of traffic safety on roundabouts''. Transportation research procedia, 14: p. 4200-4208, (2016).
[119] Montella, A., ''Identifying crash contributory factors at urban roundabouts and using association rules to explore their relationships to different crash types''. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(4): p. 1451-1463, (2011).
[120] Appleton, I. and G. Clark, ''The Ins and Out of Roundabouts'', Wellington, (2000).
[121] Öztürk, E.A., M.K. Çubuk, D. Arslan, and E. Yüksel, ''Modern Dönel Kavşakların Kapasite ve Güvenlik Yönünden İncelenmesi''. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering & Architecture of Gazi University, 22(4), (2007).
[122] Günay, B., ''Şehirlerarası Yollardaki Dönel Kavşakların Barındırdığı Güvenlik Açıkları-Kurallar ve Gerçekler'', in 6. Karayolu Trafik Güvenliği Sempozyumu: Ankara. p. 26-34, (2016).
[123] SweRoad, ''Ek-2 Modern Dönel Kavşaklar İçin Önerilen Tasarım Esasları'', Ankara, (2000).
[124] Seven, F., M. Ertekin, A.S. Kalaycı, and K. Kayacı, ''Dönel Kavşaklar Tasarım Rehberi'', Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, (2005).
[125] Kaygısız, Ö. and M. Şenbil, ''Şehir Planlamada Yol Ağı ve Kavşaklar Sorunu: Kazalar ve Kaza Çeşitlerinden Bir Bakış, Eskişehir Örneği''. 2. Kentsel ve Bölgesel Araştırmalar Sempozyumu Kitabı, (2011).
[126] Alçelik, N., ''Kent içi sinyalize ve dönel kavşakların kapasite açısından karşılaştırılması, Ümraniye ilçesi örneğinin incelenmesi'', (Yüksek Lisans), Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi İstanbul, (2010).
[127] Kaygısız, Ö., ''Trafiği Sakinleştirmeye Yönelik Önlemler, Karayolu Trafik Güvenliği Sempozyumu Kitabı''. p. 543-562, (2010).
[128] İnançlı, M., ''Dönel Kavşakların Güvenliği Ve Konya’daki Bazı Kavşakların İncelenmesi'', (Yüksek Lisans), Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi, İstanbul, (2012).
[129] Yüksel, E., ''Modern Dönel Kavşakların Kapasite ve Trafik Güvenliği Yönünden İncelenmesi'', (Yüksek Lisans), Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara, (2007).