Sürdürülebilir Mahalle Planlamasının Değişimi, Planlamada Yeni Eğilim “EkoYer” Yaklaşımı ve Türkiye’de Uygulanabilirliği

Farklı sosyolojik özellikleri ile mahalleler kent dokusunun en özgün parçasıdır. Aynı zamanda temel bir planlama birimi olarak mahalle her zaman plancıların ve kent vizyonerlerinin özel ilgi alanıdır. Literatürde mahallenin genel bir tanımı olmamakla birlikte mahalle sınırları hem öznel hem de nesnel olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. 20. yüzyılın başlarından beri, daha iyi ve yaşanabilir mahalleler oluşturmak amacıyla çeşitli teoriler ve modeller geliştirilmiştir. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramının ortaya çıkması ile birlikte yer ve yerele vurgu sağlayarak mahalle planlaması için yeni girişimler yükselişe geçmiştir. Mahalle planlaması hareketleri 20. yüzyılın başından, günümüze kadar olan süreçte gelişirken, her planlama hareketi bir önceki yaklaşımdan çıkan derslere göre geliştirilmiştir. Bu makalede de sürdürülebilir mahalle temelli komşuluk birimi planlama hareketleri (tarihsel süreçteki sırası; Bahçe Şehir, Mahalle Birimi, Modernizm, Neo-gelenesel, Eko-kentleşme ve EkoYer hareketleri) ilgili yazındaki eleştirileri ile karşılaştırılarak açıklanmıştır. Yakın zamana rastlayan yaklaşım Ecodistrict olarak literatürde yer almaktadır. Ecodistict kavramının içeriğindeki yer ve yere vurgunun öncelikli olması nedeniyle makalede kavram EkoYer olarak kullanılmıştır. EkoYer hareketinin diğer yaklaşımların sürdürülebilirlik hedefli sentezi, birçok Amerikan ve Avrupa kentinde de uygulama olanağı bulmuştur. Bu nedenle makalenin hedefi Türkiye’deki mahalleleri daha sürdürülebilir ve yaşanabilir kılmak için EkoYer yaklaşımı ile planlamanın mümkün olabileceğidir. EkoYer yaklaşımında kullanılan sosyal, ekonomik, fiziksel bileşenler ile kriterler tanımlanmış, daha sonra Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) yöntemi kullanılarak Türkiye’de yere özgü sürdürülebilir mahalle EkoYer ajanda önerisi geliştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, mahalle ölçeğinde sürdürebilir insan yerleşimleri tasarımını hedefleyen ve çerçeve niteliğinde içeriğe sahip olan EkoYer hareketinin ülkemizde uygulanabilirliği sonucuna varılmıştır.

The Variation of Sustainable Neighborhood Planning, Planning New Trends “Ecodistrict” Approaches and its Application in Turkey

Neighborhoods with different sociological characteristics are the most original part of the urban fabric. At the same time, as a basic planning unit, the neighborhood is always of special interest to planners and city visionaries. Although there is no general definition of neighborhood in the literature, neighborhood boundaries can be defined both subjectively and objectively. Since the beginning of the 20th century, various theories and models have been developed to create better and livable neighborhoods. With the emergence of the concept of sustainable development, new initiatives for neighborhood planning have been on the rise with emphasis on place and locality. While the neighborhood planning movements have developed from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, each process has been selected according to the lessons learned from the previous approach. In this article, sustainable neighborhood based neighborhood unit planning movements (historical order; Garden City, Neighborhood Unit, Modernism, Neo-traditional, Eco-urbanization and Ecodistrict movements) are explained by comparing with their criticisms in the related literature. The most recent approach is the Ecodistrict in the literature. Since the emphasis on the place and place in the content of the Ecodistict concept has priority, the concept has been used as the EkoYer. The sustainability-targeted synthesis of the other approaches of the Ecodistrict movement has also been implemented in many American and European cities. Therefore article’s goal, more sustainable neighborhoods in Turkey and that there may be possible with the planning ecodistrict approach to make livable. Ecodistrict approach used in social, economic, physical components defined criteria, then the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) in Turkey, using the method of location-specific sustainable neighborhood ecodistrict the organizer of proposals have been developed. For this purpose, it is concluded that the ecodistrict movement, which aims to design sustainable human settlements at the neighborhood scale and which has a framework content, is applicable in our country

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