BEŞERİ VE SOSYAL SERMAYENİN ÖRGÜTSEL DAYANIKLIK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNDE FİNANSAL SERMAYENİN ARACILIK ROLÜNÜN İNCELENMESİ

İletişim başta olmak üzere teknolojik alandaki gelişmelerin, toplumsal alışkanlıklara ve iş yapış şekillerine önemli etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu etkiler işletmelerin sürdürülebilirliklerini devam ettirebilmeleri için değişim ve yeni koşullara uyumun yanı sıra belirsizliklere karşı dayanıklılığa sahip olmalarını da gerektirmektedir. İşletmelerin bu özellikleri bağlamında ele alınan örgütsel dayanıklılık araştırmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma modeli beşeri ve sosyal sermaye teorisi bakış açısı ile ele alınmıştır. Araştırma Türkiye’ de faaliyet gösteren 435 adet farklı ölçekteki işletme sahibinden kota örnekleme yoluyla elde edilen verilerle yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda beşerî sermaye, sosyal sermaye ve finansal sermayenin, örgütsel dayanıklılık üzerinde pozitif yönde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca beşerî sermayenin ve sosyal sermayenin örgütsel dayanıklılık üzerindeki etkilerinde finansal sermayenin kısmi aracılık etkisinin bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada literatüre paralel sonuçlara ulaşılmış olup, işletmelerin dış çevredeki değişimlerin olumsuz etkilerinden kaçınabilmesi için örgütsel dayanıklılığın önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu sonuçlardan yola çıkarak işletmelerin değişken piyasa koşullarında odaklanması gereken işletme süreçleriyle ilgili bir öngörü oluşturulabilecektir.

INVESTIGATION OF THE METIATION ROLE OF FINANCIAL CAPITAL IN THE EFFECT OF HUMAN AND SOCIAL CAPITAL ON ORGANIZATIONAL RESILIANCE

Developments in the field of technology, especially in communication, have important impacts on social habits and ways of doing business. These impacts require businesses to have resilience against uncertainties as well as adaptation to change and new conditions to maintain their sustainability. Organizational resilience, which is discussed in the context of these characteristics of businesses, is the subject of the research. The research model is taken from perspective of human and social capital theory. Our research was conducted with the data obtained from the owners of 435 different-scaled enterprises operating in Turkey by quota sampling. As a result of the research, it has been seen that human capital, social capital, and financial capital have a positive effect on organizational resilience. In addition, it has been determined that financial capital has a partial mediation effect in the relationship between human and social capital and organizational resilience. In the research, obtained results are parallel with the literature, and the importance of organizational resilience was tried to be revealed for businesses to avoid the negative effects of changes in the external environment. Based on these results, foresight can be created regarding the business processes, of which the enterprises should focus on in changing market conditions.

___

  • Abdelmotaleb, M., Mohamed Metwally, A.B.E. and Saha, S.K. (2018), “Exploring the impact of being perceived as a socially responsible organization on employee creativity”, Management Decision, Vol. 56 No. 11, pp. 2325-2340. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-06-2017-0552.
  • Adger, W. N. (2000). Social and ecological resilience: are they related?. Progress in human geography, 24(3), 347-364.
  • Al-Abrrow, H., Alnoor, A. ve Abbas, S. (2019). The effect of organizational resilience and CEO’s narcissism on project success: Organizational risk as mediating variable. Organization Management Journal, 16(1), 1–13.
  • Amati, C., Arregoces, J. ve Song, G. (2011). Chapter Three–Financial Capital and Community Resilience: Perspectives from Financial Institutions in the Town of Olds. Resource Economıcs And Envıronmental Socıology, 48. Andrews, M.C., Kacmar, K.M. and Valle, M. (2016), “Surface acting as a mediator between personality and attitudes”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 31 No. 8, pp. 1265-1279.
  • Annarelli, A., ve Nonino, F. (2016). Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions. Omega, 62, 1-18.
  • Ata, H. A., ve AĞ, A. G. Y. (2010). Firma Karakteristiğinin Sermaye Yapisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi. Ekonometri ve istatistik e-dergisi, (11), 45-60.
  • Bankston III, C. L., ve Zhou, M. (2002). Social capital as process: The meanings and problems of a theoretical metaphor. Sociological Inquiry, 72(2), 285-317.
  • Becker, G. S. (1964). Human Capital Theory. Columbia, New York, 1964.
  • Bhamra, R., Dani, S., ve Burnard, K. (2011). Resilience: The Concept, A Literature Review And Future Directions. International Journal Of Production Research, 49(18), 5375-5393.
  • Boin, A., ve Van Eeten, M. J. (2013). The resilient organization. Public Management Review, 15(3), 429-445.
  • Bonits, N. (1996). Managing İntellectual Capital Strategically.
  • Boso, N., Cadogan, J. W., ve Story, V. M. (2012). Complementary effect of entrepreneurial and market orientations on export new product success under differing levels of competitive intensity and financial capital. International Business Review, 21(4), 667–681.
  • Brzoo Henari, D., & Shankar Singh, U. (2021). A Study Measurıng The Impact Of Academıc Resılıence, Background, And Behavıor On Performance. International Journal of Management, 12(2), 48-61.
  • Burnard, K., ve Bhamra, R. (2011). Organisational Resilience: Development Of A Conceptual Framework For Organisational Responses. International Journal Of Production Research, 49(18), 5581-5599.
  • Burt, R. S. (2009). Structural Holes: The Social Structure Of Competition. Harvard University Press.
  • Byrne, B.M. (2010), Structure Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, 2nd ed., Multivariate Application Series, Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, New York, NY and London.
  • Carden, L. L., Maldonado, T., ve Boyd, R. O. (2018). Organizational resilience: A look at McDonald’s in the fast food industry. Organizational Dynamics, 47(1), 25-31.
  • Carter, N., Brush, C., Greene, P., Gatewood, E., & Hart, M. (2003). Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: the influence of human, social and financial capital. Venture Capital: an international journal of entrepreneurial finance, 5(1), 1-28.
  • Cetindamar, D., Gupta, V. K., Karadeniz, E. E., ve Egrican, N. (2012). What the numbers tell: The impact of human, family and financial capital on women and men’s entry into entrepreneurship in Turkey. Entrepreneurship ve Regional Development, 24(1–2), 29–51.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital İn The Creation Of Human Capital. American Journal Of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.
  • Coleman, J. S. (1994). Foundations of social theory. Harvard university press.
  • Cooper, A. C., Gimeno-Gascon, F. J., ve Woo, C. Y. (1994). Initial human and financial capital as predictors of new venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(5), 371–395.
  • Coutu, D. L. (2002). How resilience works. Harvard business review, 80(5), 46-56.
  • Çoban Kumbalı, H. (2018). Örgüt yapısına göre bilgi yönetimi ve örgütsel dayanıklılık ilişkisi.
  • De Carvalho, A. O., Ribeiro, I., Cirani, C. B. S., ve Cintra, R. F. (2016). Organizational resilience: A comparative study between innovative and non-innovative companies based on the financial performance analysis. International Journal of Innovation, 4(1), 58–69.
  • De Galizia, A., Simon, C., Weber, P., Iung, B., Duval, C., ve Serdet, E. (2016). Markers And Patterns Of Organizational Resilience For Risk Analysis. Ifac-Papersonline, 49(19), 432-437.
  • Doern, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship and crisis management: The experiences of small businesses during the London 2011 riots. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 276-302.
  • Doong, S.-C., Fung, H.-G., ve Wu, J.-Y. (2011). Are social, financial, and human capital value enhancing? Evidence from Taiwanese firms. International Review of Economics ve Finance, 20(3), 395–405.
  • Douglas, S. (2021). Building organizational resilience through human capital management strategy. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal.
  • Fandiño, A. M., Formiga, N. S., ve de Menezes, R. M. (2019). Organizational social capital, resilience and innovation validation of a theoretical model for specialized workers. Journal of Strategy and Management.
  • Fatoki, O. O. (2011). The impact of human, social and financial capital on the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 29(3), 193–204.
  • Fiksel, J. (2003). Designing resilient, sustainable systems. Environmental science ve technology, 37(23), 5330-5339.
  • Fili, A., Berggren, B., ve Silver, L. (2013). The impact of financial capital, human capital and social capital on the evolution of Business Angel Networks. International Journal of Corporate Governance, 4(3), 209–228.
  • Flamholtz, E., ve Lacey, J. M. (1981). Personnel Management, Human Capital Theory, And Human Resource Accounting (No. 27). University Of California Inst Of.
  • Fleming, R. S. (2012). Ensuring organizational resilience in times of crisis. Journal of Global Business Issues, 6(1), 31.
  • Fornell, C. and Larcker, D. (1981), “Evaluating structure models and unobservable variable and measurement errors”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18, 39-50.
  • Frank, M. Z., ve Goyal, V. K. (2008). Trade-off and pecking order theories of debt. Handbook of empirical corporate finance, 135-202.
  • Garmezy, N. (1970). Process and reactive schizophrenia: Some conceptions and issues. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1(2), 30.
  • Gartner, W. B. (1985). A conceptual framework for describing the phenomenon of new venture creation. Academy of managemen
  • Gerni, M. (2013). İlişkilerin Maddi Yönü Sosyal Sermaye Ve Örgütsel Boyutu. Baskı, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık: Iv.
  • Gibson, C. A., ve Tarrant, M. (2010). A’conceptual models’ approach to organisational resilience. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, The, 25(2), 6-12.
  • Hamel, G., Ve Valıkangas, L. (2003). The quest for resilience, Harvard business review, September, 2003.
  • Harris, S. G., ve Mossholder, K. W. (1996). The affective implications of perceived congruence with culture dimensions during organizational transformation. Journal of management, 22(4), 527-547.
  • Herbane, B. (2019). Rethinking organizational resilience and strategic renewal in SMEs. Entrepreneurship ve Regional Development, 31(5-6), 476-495.
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience And Stability Of Ecological Systems. Annual Review Of Ecology And Systematics, 4(1), 1-23.
  • Hormann, S. D. L. (2007). Organizational Trauma: A Phenomenological Study Of Leaders İn Traumatized Organizations.
  • Iso (International Organization For Standardization). 2019. Iso 22301:2019. Security And Resilience – Business Continuity Management Systems – Requirements. Geneva: Iso
  • Kantur, D., ve Iseri-Say, A. (2012). Organizational Resilience: A Conceptual İntegrative Framework. Journal Of Management And Organization, 18(6), 762.
  • Kantur, D., ve Say, A. I. (2015). Measuring organizational resilience: A scale development. Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 4(3).
  • Karagül, M. (2003). Beşerî Sermayenin Ekonomik Büyümeyle İlişkisi Ve Etkin Kullanımı. Akdeniz University Faculty of Economics ve Administrative Sciences Faculty Journal/Akdeniz Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi, 3(5).
  • Karagül, M., ve Akçay, S. (2002). Ekonomik büyüme ve sosyal sermaye: Ampirik bir kanıt. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 17(198), 82-90.
  • Karagül, M., ve Karagül, M. (2002). Beşerî Sermayenin İktisadi Gelişmedeki Rolü Ve Türkiye Boyutu. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi.
  • Karaköse, M. A., İmamoğlu, S. Z., ve İnce, H. (2020). Dönüşümcü ve Adaptif Liderlik Tarzlarının Örgütsel Dayanıklılık Kapasitesinin Geliştirilmesindeki Rolü: Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 21(1), 153–169.
  • Keskin, A. (2011). Ekonomik Kalkınmada Beşerî Sermayenin Rolü Ve Türkiye. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3-4), 125-153.
  • Khosravi, S., Najafi, A., Mohammadi, N., ve Marjani, M. (2019). The Correlation between Financial Health and Business Continuity of Banks with the Mediation of Organizational Resilience. Journal of Health Promotion Management, 8(4), 35–42.
  • Kim, Y. (2020). Organizational resilience and employee work-role performance after a crisis situation: exploring the effects of organizational resilience on internal crisis communication. Journal of Public Relations Research, 32(1–2), 47–75.
  • King, D. D., Newman, A., ve Luthans, F. (2016). Not İf, But When We Need Resilience İn The Workplace. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 37(5), 782-786.
  • Kline, R.B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York Guilford Press,.
  • Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Fourth Edition). NewYork: Guilford publications.
  • Koronis, E., ve Ponis, S. (2018). A strategic approach to crisis management and organizational resilience. Journal of Business Strategy, 39(1), 32-42.
  • Ledesma, J. (2014). Conceptual frameworks and research models on resilience in leadership. Sage Open, 4(3), 2158244014545464. Lee, A. V., Vargo, J., ve Seville, E. (2013). Developing a tool to measure and compare organizations’ resilience. Natural hazards review, 14(1), 29-41.
  • Lengnick-Hall, C. A., ve Beck, T. E. (2009). Resilience capacity and strategic agility: Prerequisites for thriving in a dynamic environment (pp. 39-69). San Antonio, TX: UTSA, College of Business.
  • Limnios, E. A. M., Mazzarol, T., Ghadouani, A., ve Schilizzi, S. G. (2014). The Resilience Architecture Framework: Four Organizational Archetypes. European Management Journal, 32(1), 104-116.
  • Lin, W. T., ve Liu, Y. (2012). Successor characteristics, organisational slack, and change in the degree of firm internationalisation. International Business Review, 21(1), 89-101.
  • Liu, Y., ve Keller, R. T. (2021). How Psychological Safety Impacts RveD Project Teams’ Performance: In a psychologically safe workplace, RveD project teams perform better, more readily share knowledge and engage in organizational citizenship behavior, and are less likely to leave. Research-Technology Management, 64(2), 39-45.
  • Liu, Y., Zhao, H., ve Sheard, G. (2017). Organizational citizenship pressure, compulsory citizenship behavior, and work–family conflict. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 45(4), 695-704.
  • MacKinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C.M., and Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128
  • Madni, A. M., ve Jackson, S. (2009). Towards A Conceptual Framework For Resilience Engineering. Ieee Systems Journal, 3(2), 181-191.
  • Mafabi, S., Munene, J., ve Ntayi, J. (2012). Knowledge management and organisational resilience: Organisational innovation as a mediator in Uganda parastatals. Journal of Strategy and Management.
  • Mallak, L. A. (1998). Measuring resilience in health care provider organizations. Health Manpower Management.
  • Masten, A. S., ve Reed, M.-G. J. (2002). Resilience in development. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 74, 88.
  • McDaniels, T., Chang, S., Cole, D., Mikawoz, J., ve Longstaff, H. (2008). Fostering resilience to extreme events within infrastructure systems: Characterizing decision contexts for mitigation and adaptation. Global Environmental Change, 18(2), 310-318.
  • Mcdonald, N. (2006). Organisational Resilience And İndustrial Risk. Resilience Engineering: Concepts And Precepts, 1, 155-179.
  • McManus, S., Seville, E., Vargo, J. ve Brunsdon, D. (2008). Facilitated process for improving organizational resilience. Natural Hazards Review, 9(2), 81–90.
  • Moradzadeh, A., Zarei, K., ve Heydarian, H. (2020). The effect of social capital on promoting organizational resilience: explanation of the mediating role of knowledge sharing related to Covid-19 crisis. Scientific Journal of Strategic Management of Organizational Knowledge, 3(10), 87–112.
  • Mucuk, İ. (1996). Modern işletmecilik. Türkmen Yayınevi.
  • Muduli, A. and Raval, D. (2018), “Examining the role of work context, transfer design and transfer motivation on training transfer: Perspective from an Indian insurance industry”, European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 42 No. 3/4, pp. 266-282. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-09-2017-0078.
  • Mumcu, A.Y. ve Ataman, G. (2021), “Girişim fonlamasında sosyal sermayenin çevrimiçi rolü: Kitlesel fonlama üzerine bir araştırma”, Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(2), 360-373.
  • Myers, S. C. (1984). Journal of Finance. THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE, 39(3).
  • Mzid, I., Khachlouf, N., ve Soparnot, R. (2019). How does family capital influence the resilience of family firms?. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 17(2), 249-277.
  • Nahapiet, J., ve Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, And The Organizational Advantage. Academy Of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266.
  • Norouzi, H., Khamehchi, H., ve Darvish, F. (2020). Investigating the Effect of Strategic Human Resource Management Functions on Organizational Resilience with Emphasis on Social Capital Mediation. Quarterly Journal of Nursing Management (IJNV) Original Article, 9(3).
  • Okuwa, J. A., Nwuche, C. A., ve Anyanwu, A. C. (2016). Human Capital Development and Organizational Resilience in Selected Manufacturing Firms in Rivers State.
  • Ortiz‐De‐Mandojana, N., ve Bansal, P. (2016). The Long‐Term Benefits Of Organizational Resilience Through Sustainable Business Practices. Strategic Management Journal, 37(8), 1615-1631.
  • Özbudak, E. Ç., ve İdil, I. (2020). Örgütsel Travmalar: Beyaz Yakalı Çalışanlarda Algılanan Travma Riski ve Örgütsel Dayanıklılık ile İlişkisi. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 97–105.
  • Palmi, P., Morrone, D., Miglietta, P. P., ve Fusco, G. (2018). How did organizational resilience work before and after the financial crisis? An empirical study. Int. J. Bus. Manag, 13, 54–62.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 63, 539-569.
  • Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J., and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common methods biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879–903
  • Powley, E. H. (2013). The Process And Mechanisms Of Organizational Healing. The Journal Of Applied Behavioral Science, 49(1), 42-68.
  • Prayag, G., Chowdhury, M., Spector, S., ve Orchiston, C. (2018). Organizational resilience and financial performance. Annals of Tourism Research, 73(C), 193–196.
  • Putnam, R. (1995) “Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital”, Journal of Democracy, 6 (1) 65-75.
  • R. W. Brislin, (1986) “A Culture General Assimilator: Preparation for Various Types of Sojourns,” Int. J. Intercult. Relat. 10, 215-234
  • Rai, S. S., Rai, S. ve Singh, N. K. (2021). Organizational resilience and social-economic sustainability: COVID-19 perspective. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1–18.
  • Redman, C. L., ve Kinzig, A. P. (2003). Resilience of past landscapes: resilience theory, society, and the longue durée. Conservation Ecology, 7(1).
  • Riley, M. R., Mohr, D. C., ve Waddimba, A. C. (2018). The reliability and validity of three‐item screening measures for burnout: Evidence from group‐employed health care practitioners in upstate New York. Stress and Health, 34(1), 187-193.
  • Robb, D. (2000). Building resilient organizations resilient organizations actively build and integrate performance and adaptive skills. Od Practitioner, 32(3), 27-32.
  • Rodríguez-Sánchez, A., Guinot, J., Chiva, R., ve López-Cabrales, Á. (2019). How to emerge stronger: Antecedents and consequences of organizational resilience. Journal of Management ve Organization, 1-18.
  • Sayılgan, G., Karabacak, H., ve Küçükkocaoğlu, G. (2006). The firm-specific determinants of corporate capital structure: Evidence from Turkish panel data. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 3(3), 125-139.
  • Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment İn Human Capital. The American Economic Review, 51(1), 1-17.
  • Senbeto, D. L. ve Hon, A. H. Y. (2020). Market turbulence and service innovation in hospitality: examining the underlying mechanisms of employee and organizational resilience. The Service Industries Journal, 40(15–16), 1119–1139.
  • Seville, E., Brunsdon, D., Dantas, A., Le Masurier, J., Wilkinson, S., ve Vargo, J. (2008). Organisational resilience: Researching the reality of New Zealand organisations. Journal of business continuity ve emergency planning, 2(3), 258-266.
  • Somers, S. (2009). Measuring Resilience Potential: An Adaptive Strategy For Organizational Crisis Planning. Journal Of Contingencies And Crisis Management, 17(1), 12-23.
  • Starr, R., Newfrock, J., ve Delurey, M. (2003). Enterprise Resilience: Managing Risk İn The Networked Economy. Strategy And Business, 30, 70-79.
  • Stewart, T. A. (1997). Intellectual Capital, Currency.
  • Suryaningtyas, D., Sudiro, A., Eka, T. A. ve Dodi, I. W. (2019). Organizational resilience and organizational performance: examining the mediating roles of resilient leadership and organizational culture. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 18(2), 1–7.
  • Şen, A. Ve Çağlar, N. (Ed.). (2020). Organizasyonel Esneklik Ve Dayanıklılık (Resilience) Prensipleri İş İnsanlarından Yaşanmışlık Örnekleri. İstanbul, İkü Yayınevi
  • Taban, S., ve Kar, M. (2006). Beşerî sermaye ve ekonomik büyüme nedensellik analizi, 1969-2001.
  • Tariq, H., ve Weng, Q. (2018). Accountability breeds response-ability: Instrumental contemplation of abusive supervision. Personnel Review, 47(5), 1019–1042
  • Tariq, H., Weng, Q., Garavan, T. N., Obaid, A., & Hassan, W. (2020). Another sleepless night: Does a leader’s poor sleep lead to subordinate’s poor sleep? A spillover/crossover perspective. Journal of sleep research, 29(1), e12904.
  • Teng, C.-C., Lu, A.C.C., Huang, Z.-Y., Fang, C.-H., 2020. Ethical work climate, organizational identification, leader-member-exchange (LMX) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): a study of three star hotels in Taiwan. Int. J. Contemp. Hospit. Manag. 32, 212e229.
  • Terim, B., ve Kayalı, C. A. (2009). Sermaye yapısını belirleyici etmenler: Türkiye’de imalat sanayi örneği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 125-154.
  • Tierney, K. J. (2003). Conceptualizing and measuring organizational and community resilience: Lessons from the emergency response following the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center.
  • Vega-Redondo, F. (2006). Building up social capital in a changing world. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 30(11), 2305-2338.
  • Vogus, T. J., ve Sutcliffe, K. M. (2007). Organizational resilience: towards a theory and research agenda. 2007 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 3418–3422.
  • Voss, G. B., Sirdeshmukh, D., ve Voss, Z. G. (2008). The effects of slack resources and environmentalthreat on product exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management journal, 51(1), 147-164.
  • Walker, B., Gunderson, L., Kinzig, A., Folke, C., Carpenter, S., ve Schultz, L. (2006). A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecology and society, 11(1).
  • Wang C, Luo J, Nie P and Wang D (2019) Growth Mindset Can Reduce the Adverse Effect of Substance Use on Adolescent Reasoning. Front. Psychol. 10:1852
  • Wang, Y., Zheng, Y., ve Zhu, Y. (2018). How transformational leadership influences employee voice behavior: The roles of psychological capital and organizational identification. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 46(2), 313-321.
  • Weick, K. E., ve Sutcliffe, K. M. (2011). Managing the unexpected: Resilient performance in an age of uncertainty (Vol. 8). John Wiley ve Sons.
  • Wenzel, M., Stanske, S., ve Lieberman, M. B. (2020). Strategic responses to crisis. Strategic Management Journal.
  • Werner, E. E., ve Smith, R. S. (1977). Kauai’s children come of age. University Press of Hawaii Honolulu.
  • Wiklund, J., ve Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach. Journal of business venturing, 20(1), 71-91.
  • Williams, N., ve Vorley, T. (2014). Economic resilience and entrepreneurship: lessons from the Sheffield City Region. Entrepreneurship ve Regional Development, 26(3-4), 257-281.
  • Wilson, R. L. (2016). Organizational resilience as a human capital strategy for companies in bankruptcy. Work, 54(2), 309–323.
  • Woodhouse, Andrev. (2006) Social Capital and Regional Development in Australia: A Case Study, Journal of Rural Studies, No. 22, ss. 83-94.
  • Yetim, N., ve TATLIDİL, E. (2004). Social and Cultural Dynamics of Women Entrepreneurs: The Case of Small and Medium Size Clothing Enterprises in Adana and Mersin. Turkey, EIMENA, 491-507.
  • Youndt, M. A., Subramaniam, M., ve Snell, S. A. (2004). Intellectual capital profiles: An examination of investments and returns. Journal of Management studies, 41(2), 335-361.
  • Yuwen Liu ve Robert T. Keller (2021) How Psychological Safety Impacts RveD Project Teams’ Performance, Research-Technology Management, 64:2, 39-45, DOI: 10.1080/08956308.2021.1863111.
  • Zapalska, A., ve Fogel, G. (1998). Characteristics of Polish and Hungarian entrepreneurship. The Journal of Private Enterprise, 8(2), 132-144.