The Ottoman Fortification of Ganja and Provincial Administration of Ganja- Qarabagh Province in the Late Sixteenth Century

1588 yılında Osmanlı idaresine geçişinin ardından, Gence Azerbaycan'ın Osmanlılar tarafından kale yapılmış şehirleri arasında yer aldı. Gence'de kale yapılmasının temel amacı Osmanlıların eski Safevi Karabağ Beylerbeyliği topraklarında kurdukları ve yedi sancaktan oluşan Gence-Karabağ vilayetinde Osmanlı hakimiyetini sağlamak ve kesinleştirmek olmuştur. Yapımından sonra, Gence kalesi Osmanlıların doğu sınırında önemli garnizon şehirlerinden biri haline geldi. 1606 kuşatması sonrasında yeniden Safevî yönetimine girene kadar Gence kalesi askerî olduğu kadar aynı zamanda, Gence-Karabağ vilayetinin yönetim merkezi gibi siyasi ve idari öneme de sahipti. Azerbaycan'da Osmanlı askeri mimarisinin örneklerinden biri olan Gence kalesi 1615 yılında Safevî Şahı I. Abbas'ın emriyle yıktırılmıştı. Bu makalenin amacı Osmanlılar tarafından Gence'de kale yapılmasının tarihini temel kaynaklara dayanarak araştırmak ve on altıncı yüzyılın sonlarında Gence-Karabağ vilayetinde Osmanlı taşra yönetiminin bazı az çalışılmış konularını incelemektir.

16. Yüzyılın Sonlarında Osmanlılar Tarafından Gence'de Kale Yapımı ve Gence-Karabağ Vilayetinde Osmanlı Taşra Yönetimi

Fortress as a tool for the implementation of Ottoman military power was necessary for the upkeep and security of the Ottoman rule in Azerbaijan. Following its capture in 1588, Ganja was among the main towns of Azerbaijan fortified by the Ottomans. The primary aim of the fortification of Ganja was to maintain Ottoman rule in former Safavid beylerbeyi of Qarabagh, in the territories of which Ottomans established the vilâyet-i Gence Karabağ with seven sanjaks (districts). After fortifications, Ganja became one of the major garrison towns on the eastern frontier of the Ottomans. Apart from its military functions, the fortress served as the administrative seat of Ganja-Qarabagh province until it fell into the hands of the Safavids after the siege of 1606. In 1615, Ganja fortress, one of the examples of the late sixteenth century Ottoman military architecture in Azerbaijan, was subjected to destruction by the order of Shah Abbas I. Drawing mainly on primary sources, this article aims to explore the history of Ottoman fortifications of Ganja and examine some littlestudied aspects of Ottoman provincial administration of GanjaQarabagh province in the late sixteenth century.

___

a. Primary sources

699 numaralı Gence vilayeti tapu tahrir defteri H.1001 (1593) / Kuş, Elif ; Yrd. Doç. Dr. Yücel Öztürk (Unpublished master's dissertation), Sakarya Üniversitesi, Sakarya 2003.

Adam Olearius, The voyages and travells of the ambassadors sent by Frederick, Duke of Holstein, to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the King of Persia begun in the year M.DC.XXXIII. and finish'd in M.DC.XXXIX : containing a compleat history of Muscovy, Tartary, Persia, and other adjacent countries, Printed for John Starkey and Thomas Basset London 1669.

Arakel Davrizhetsi, Kniga istoriy ["Book of the histories]". Translation from Armenian, foreword and comments by L.A.Khanlaryan, Nauka, Moscow 1973.

Brosset, Marie-Félicité, Chronique géorgienne, De l'Imprimerie royale, Paris 1831.

Don Juan of Persia: A Shi'ah Catholic 1560-1604 translated by G. Le Strange, Harper & Brothers, New York and London 1926.

Evliya Çelebi, Kniga puteshestviya ["Book of travels"], Territories of the South Caucasus and neighboring provinces of Asia Minor and Iran. Compiled and edited by A. D. Zheltyakov, 3rd ed., Nauka, Moskva 1983.

Evliya Çelebi, Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the Seventeenth Century by Evliya Efendi. Translated by Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall. Vol 2, London 1850.

Fedot Kotov, Khozhenye kuptsa Fedota Kotova v Persyyu [A journey of merchant Fedot Kotov to Persia], "Vostochnaya lyteratura" RAN, Moscow 1958.

Giovanni Tommaso Minadoi, Historia della guerra fra Turchi et Persiani, Di Gio. Thomaso Minadoi da Rovigo, divisa in libri nove, Appresso Andrea Muschio & Barezzo Barezzi, Venice 1594.

Ibrahim Harimi Rahimzadeh, Osmanlı qoşunlarının Azärbaycana yürüşläri(XVI äsrin sonu) [Ottoman campaigns in Azerbaijan (in the late 16th century)], translation by R.Sheikhzamanli, ed. by M.Naghisoylu, Baku 2006.

Ibrakhim Efendi Pechevi, Istoriya [History] (Passages on history of Azerbaijani and neighboring countries for the period of 1520-1640), translation by Z. M. Bunyadov, Elm, Baku 1988.

Isgandar Bey Turkman Munshi, Tarikh-i 'alam ara-yi Abbasi, edited by Yagub Mahmudov, translation from Persian to Azerbaijani by Shahin Farzaliyev, 2 vols, Sharq-Qarb, Baku 2010-2014.

Khawaja Zainalabidin Ali Abdi bey Shirazi, Takmilat ul-akhbar, translation from Persian and introduction by Abulfaz Rahimov, Baku 1996.

Mehmed Süreyya, Sicill-i Osmani (complied by Nuri Akbayar), Vols 2-4, Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, İstanbul 1996.

Mustafa Efendi Selaniki, Tarikh-i Selaniki. 1563-1600-cü illär: Azärbaycan vä qonşu ölkälärin tarixinä aid iqtibaslar [Tarikh-i Selaniki. 1563-1600. Passages on history of Azerbaijani and neighboring countries], translation from Ottoman Turkish by Z.Bunyadov, Elm, Baku 1992.

Osmanli Devleti ile Azerbaycan Türk Hanliklari Arasindaki Münâsebetlere Dâir Arşiv Belgeleri, c.II, C. Basbakanlık, Devlet Arsivleri Genel Mudurlugu, Osmanlı Arsivi Daire Baskanlıgı, Ankara 1993.

Sharaf-khan ibn Shamsaddin Bidlisi, Sharafname, translation, foreword, notes and appendixes by E.I.Vasilyev, vol. II, Nauka, Moscow 1976.

Solakzade Mehmed, Tarikh: Azärbaycan tarixinä dair iqtibaslar [History: Quotes about the history of Azerbaijan], translation from Turkish by Z.M.Bunyadov, Elm, Baku1992.

Sukhanov, Arseniy, Proskinitary: Khozhdeniye stroitelya startsa Arseniya Sukhanova v 7157 (1649) godu vo Iyerusalim i v prochiye svyatyye mesta dlya opisaniya svyatykh mest i grecheskikh tserkovnykh chinov [A journey of elder builder Arseniy Sukhanov in 7157 (1649) to Jerusalem and other holy places to describe the holy places and Greek church officials], Kazan University Press, Kazan 1870.

The Travels of Sir John Chardin through Mingrelia and Georgia into Persia, a Collection of Voyages and Travels, v.VII, J. Christie, Dublin 1815.

Yunus Zeyrek, Târîh-i Osman Paşa: Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşanın Kafkasya fetihleri (H. 986- 988 / M. 1578-1580) ve Tebriz'in fethi (H. 993 / M. 1585), Kültür Bakanlığı, Ankara 2001.

Yusuf Sarınay, Mustafa Budak and Kemal Gurulkan, , Osmanlı Belgelerinde Karabag, T.C. Basbakanlık, Devlet Arsivleri Genel Mudurlugu, Osmanlı Arsivi Daire Baskanlıgı, Ankara 2009. b. Researches

ÁGOSTON, Gábor, Review of "Mark L. Stein, Guarding the Frontier. Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe in Book Reviews / JESHO 52 (2009), pp.153-184 .

ÁGOSTON, Gábor, TOP. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, yıl: 2012, cilt: 41, s.240- 242,http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c41/c410132.pdf(accessed 17 January 2015).

ÁGOSTON, Gábor. "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500-1800." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 12.2 (2011), pp.281-319.

AHMADOV, F., Gäncänin tarix yaddaşı [Historical memory of Ganja], "Shirvanneshr", Baku 1998.

AYDOĞMUŞOĞLU, Cihat, Şah Abbas ve Zamanı, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, PhD dissertation, Ankara 2011.

BAKIKHANOV A.A.,Gülüstani-İräm, "Möminun", Baku 2001.

EFENDIYEV, Oqtay, Azärbaycan Säfävilär dövläti [Azerbaijani Safavid state], "Sharq- Qarb", Baku 2007.

EFENDIZÂDE, Oktay, "Gence", DİA.,Vol. 14, s.18.

ERAVCI, Musatfa, Rahimizade İbrahim Çavuş Harimi in Historians of the Ottoman Empire.. http://ottomanhistorians.uchicago.edu/sites/ottomanhistorians.uchicago.edu/file s/rahimizade.pdf(accessed 30 October 2014). H. Karateke C. Fleischer,

FARZALIYEV, Shahin, Azarbaycan va Osmanlı imperiyası (XV-XVI asrlar) [Azerbaijan and the Ottoman Empire (XV-XVI centuries)], Azerneshr, Baku 1995.

Fleischer, Cornell H., Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire: The Historian Mustafa Ali (1541-1600), Princeton University Press, New Jersey 1986.

GEZA, David, "Administration, provincial" in Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Gabor Agoston and Bruce Masters, Infobase Publishing, New York 2009, pp.13-17.

GÜNALAN, R., Aydin, B., "Ruus Defterlerine Göre XVI. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Eyalet Teşkilatı ve Gelişimi", Osmanlı Araştırmaları, (2011), s.27-160.

HINZ, W., Islamische Masse und Gewichte, Leiden 1955, p.60.

HINZ, W., "Dhira'."E.I., v. 2, pp. 231-232.

HUSEYN, Farah, Osmano-sefevidskaya voyna 1578-1590 gg [Ottoman-Safavid wars 1578- 1590], Nurlan, Baku 2005.

INALCIK, Halil, "Introduction to Ottoman Metrology", Turcica, XV (1983), pp.311- 348.

İPŞIRLI, Mehmet, Selânikî Mustafa Efendi, TDV İA, cilt: 36, s. 358 http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=360358(accessed 15 January 2015).

İŞBILIR, Ömer, YÜK, TDV yıl: 2013, cilt: 44, s.48.

KUNT, Metin, "Devolution from the centre to the periphery: an overview of Ottoman provincial administration", The Dynastic Centre and the Provinces: Agents and Interactions, Duindam, Jeroen and Dabringhaus, Sabine (eds.), Brill, Leiden 2014.

KÜPELI, Özer, "Evliya Çelebi'nin İlk İran Seyahati Güzergahı ve Kalelere İlişkin Bilgiler," Türk Dünyası İncelemeleri Dergisi / Journal of Turkish World Studies 11:2 (2011), s.69-97, http://tdid.ege.edu.tr/files/%C3%96zerK%C3%9CPEL%C4%B0.pdf(accessed 27October2014).

KÜTÜKOĞLU, Bekir, Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münasebetleri (1578-1590), Istanbul Edebiyat Fakültesi Matbaası, İstanbul 1962.

MATTHEE, Rudi, "Unwalled Cities and Restless Nomads: Firearms and Artillery in Safavid Iran," in Charles Melville, ed., Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society, I. B. Taurus, London 1996, pp. 389-416.

MURPHEY, Rhoads, Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, N.J 1999.

ÖZCAN, Abdülkadir, KULOĞLU, TDV yıl: 2002, cilt: 26, s.358.

USEYNOV, M., Bretanitskiy, M., Salamzadeh, A., Istoriya arkhitektury Azerbaydzhana [The History of Azerbaijani Architecture], "Gosstroyizdat", Moscow 1963.

UYAR, Mesut and Erickson, Edward J., A Military History of the Ottomans, From Osman to Atatürk, Praeger, Santa Barbara, CA 2009.