Vişegrad Grubu Üzerine Bir Analiz: Oluşumu, İşleyişi, Etkileri ve Sorunlar

Vişegrad Grubu, kökeni oldukça eskilere dayanmakla birlikte 1991 yılında güncel halini alan Orta ve Doğu Avrupa iş birliği organizasyonudur. Bu çalışmada, Vişegrad Grubu'nun geçmişten günümüze kadar yaşadığı oluşum, işleyiş, etkiler ve sorunlar çok yönlü olarak analiz edilmektedir. Ayrıca Avrupa Birliği (AB) üyesi olan Vişegrad ülkelerinin Batı'ya entegrasyon süreci ve bu süreç içerisinde karşılaştıkları sorunlar detaylı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Grubun başlıca kuruluş amacı, komünizmin etkisinden kurtularak askeri ve ekonomik olarak Batı'ya tam uyum sağlamaktır. Ancak AB'ye tam üyelik sonrasında Avrupa içindeki uyum sorunlarında Vişegrad ülkelerinin de yer aldığı görülmektedir. 2014 yılındaki mülteci sorunu ve göç krizi ile 2016 yılında başlayan Brexit süreci, Vişegrad Grubu’nun AB içerisinde tam muhalif kimliğe dönüşmesine neden olmuştur. Diğer yandan, Grubun AB’den dışlandığını hissetmesiyle AB ile yaşadığı sorunlar sürekli artma eğilimi göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda iki taraf arasındaki ilişkilerde yaşanan sorunlar ve AB’nin diyalog yaklaşımına rağmen söz konusu sorunların neden çözülemediği hususu, bu çalışmanın temel analiz kapsamını oluşturmaktadır.

An Analysis on Visegrad Group: Formation, Functioning, Effects and Problems

The Visegrad Group is a Central and Eastern European co-operation organization, which dates back to 1991, although its origins are long-established. In this study, the formation, operation, effects and problems experienced by the Visegrad Group from past to present are analyzed in a multidimensional way. In addition, the integration process of Visegrad countries to the West and the issues they face during this process are discussed in detail. The main purpose of the group was to get rid of the influence of communism and to fully adapt to the West, militarily and economically. However, it is seen that Visegrad countries are also involved in the problems of harmonization within Europe after full membership to the EU. The refugee issue and migration crisis in 2014, and beginning of the Brexit process in 2016, has caused the Visegrad Group to become a full opposition character within the EU. On the other hand, as the group felt excluded from the EU, its problems with the EU tended to increase continuously. In this context, the problems in the relations between the two sides and the reason why these problems cannot be solved despite the dialogue approach of the European Union constitute the main analysis scope of this study.

___

  • Amerika’nın Sesi (2009). Avrupa Birliği Çek Cumhuriyeti’ne Boyun Eğdi. 30 Ekim 2009, https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/a-17-2009-10-30-voa3-88154242/874138.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2019).
  • Asmus, R. D., Kugler R. L and Larrabee, S. (1993). Building A New NATO. Foreign Affairs, 72(4), 28-40. Balogova, B. (2009). Sharing what visegrad countries have learned. Visegrad Countries Special, The Slovak Spectator, s.1-8.
  • BBC NEWS (2016). Hungary PM claims EU migrant quota referandum victory. 03.10.2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37528325, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2019).
  • BBC TÜRKÇE (2019). Avrupa ve milliyetçilik: Avrupa parlamentosu seçimlerinde milliyetçi ve aşırı sağcı partiler ‘güç bloğu’ oluşturma çabasında. 20 Mayıs 2019, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-45474089, (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Mart 2019).
  • Bialasiewicz, L. (2009). Europe as/at the border: Trieste and the meaning of Europe. Social & Cultural Geography, 10(3), 319-336.
  • Bil, I. (2017). Lessons from 26 years of visegrad’s history. The Future of The Visegrad Group içinde, Editörler: Ania Skrzypek & Maria Skora, Foundation for European Progressive Studies, Das Progressive Zentrum, Brüksel/Berlin 2017, s.38-42.
  • Bilcik, V. (2017 Ocak). Council presidency and brexit: from unexpected calm to likely storm., Think Visegrad, V4 Think-Thank Platform, Policy Brief.
  • Buteux, P. (1995). Contructing a New Consensus. International Journal, The Future of NATO, 50(4), 730-737.
  • Cabada, L. (2018). The visegrad cooperation in the context of other central european cooperation formats. Politics in Central Europe, 14(2), 165-179.
  • Cabada, L. and Šarka W. (2018). The Visegrad Group as an ambitious actor of (Central-)European foreign and security policy. Politics in Central Europe, 14(2), 9-20.
  • Ceeidentity National Idenities (2019). Direction-social democracy (Socialna Demokracia, Smer SD). http://www.ceeidentity.eu/database/manifesto-escoun/direction, (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mart 2019).
  • Cienski, J. (2019). Central Europe wants to halt migration If EU plan fails. Politico, 15 Şubat 2016, https://www.politico.eu/article/migrants-asylum-orban-visegrad-poland-hungary-chezch-slovakia-migration-refugees/, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Temmuz 2019).
  • Dangerfıeld, M. (2008). The Visegrad Group in the expanded European Union: from preaccession to postaccession cooperation. East European Politics and Societies, 22(3), 630-667.
  • Dangerfield, M. (2009). The contribution of the Visegrad Group to the European Union's ‘Eastern’ policy: Rhetoric or reality? Europe-Asia Studies, 61(1)0, 1735-1755.
  • Dawkins, D. (2019). Czech Prime Minister Babiš – ‘Europe Is At A Crossroads’, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddawkins/2019/06/08/czech-prime-minister-babieurope-is-at-a-crossroads/#6c61910413db, (Erişimi Tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2019).
  • Deutsche Welle (2018). Visegrad Countries urge stronger EU border defense. 21.06.2018, https://www.dw.com/en/visegrad-countries-urge-stronger-eu-border-defense/a-44336264-0, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Nisan 2019).
  • Deutsche Welle (2017). Çek Seçimlerinin Galibi Açık Ara ile Babiş, 21.10.2017, https://www.dw.com/tr/%C3%A7ek-se%C3%A7imlerinin-galibi-a%C3%A7%C4%B1k-ara-farkla-babi%C5%9F/a-41062639, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2019).
  • Eriksen, E. O. (2017). Structural ınjustice: The Eurozone Crisis and the Duty of Solidarity. Solidarity in the European Union: A Fundamental Value in Crisis, Springer International Publishing AG, Editörler: Andreas Grimmel & Susanne My Giang, s.97-118.
  • European Commission (2019). What is the Euro Area?,. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area/what-euro-area_en, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2019).
  • France Diplomatie (2019). Visegrad Group. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/czech-republic/visegrad-group/, (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Temmuz 2019).
  • Frelak, J. S. (2017). Solidarity in European migration policy: The perspective of the Visegrad States. Solidarity in the European Union: A Fundamental Value in Crisis, Springer International Publishing AG, Editörler: Andreas Grimmel & Susanne My Giang, s.81-95.
  • Foy, H. (2019). Central Europe States keep migrant heat on athens. Financial Times, 16 Şubat 2016. https://www.ft.com/content/c15b28f2-d425-11e5-8887-98e7feb46f27, (Erişim Tarihi: 7 Temmuz 2019).
  • Gollner, R. T. (2017). The Visegrád Group – a rising star post-brexit? Changing distribution of power in the European Council. Open Political Science, 1(1), 1-6.
  • Handl, V, Kerry L. and Marcin Z. (2000). Germany’s security policy towards East Central Europe. Perspectives, 14, 54-70.
  • Hekimler, O. (2017). Brexit sonrasında merkezi ve orta avrupa’yı yeniden düşünmek. Marmara Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25(1), 1-33.
  • Inotai, A. and Magdolna S. (1994). Economic integration of the Visegrad Countries: Facts and scenarios. Eastern European Economics, 32(6), 6-28.
  • Ivanova, D. (2016). Migrant crisis and the Visegrad Group’s Policy. International Conference Knowledge-Based Organization, 22(1), 35-39.
  • Jasiecki, K. (2016). Economic cooperation among the Visegrad Countries. The Visegrad Countries in Crisis, Editör: Jan Pakulski. Collegium Civitas, Varşova 2016, s.160-121.
  • Kaili, E. (2016). Beyond Cooperation Failures: How European Crises Make the European Union Stronger. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 40(2), 163-172.
  • Kegley, C. W. and Shannon L. B. (2015). Dünya siyaseti yönelim ve dönüşüm. Sakarya Üniversitesi Kültür Yayınları, 1. Basım, Sakarya, s.39-143.
  • Klein, R. (2019). This is how the Visegrad Group Works. Deutsche Welle, 07.02.2019, https://www.dw.com/en/this-is-how-the-visegrad-group-works/a-47402724, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Nisan 2019).
  • Kolankiewicz, G. (1994). Consensus and Competition in the eastern enlargement of the European Union. International Affairs (Royal Institue of International Affairs 1944-), 70(3), 477-495.
  • Kořan, M. (2010). Forum on ‘Central Europe’: Introduction. Perspectives, 18(2), 57-62.
  • Lázár, A. M. (2014). Post-EU-accession Visegrad Cooperation: Results, rhetoric, prospects. Biztpol Affairs, 2(1), 22-44.
  • Luıning, M. (2017). The challenge of the Visegrad Group: Benefiting from its positions in the EU’s coalition patterns. Foreign Policy Review. Institute for Foreign Affairs and Trade, 10, 31-54.
  • Machacek, L. (2011). Slovak Republic and its Hungarian ethnic minority: Sociological reflections. Slovak Journal of Poitical Sciences, 11(3), 187-194.
  • Maurıce, E. (2019). Refugee quotas ‘unacceptable’ for Visegrad States. EUOBSERVER, 4 Eylül 2015, https://euobserver.com/migration/130122, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2019).
  • Metin, Y. and Ümmühan K. (2011). Avrupa Birliği’nde temel hakların korunması ve Lizbon Antlaşması’nın getirdiği yenilikler. S. D. Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(1), 125-158.
  • Mınıstry Of Foreıgn Affaırs Republıc Of Poland. (2019). Weimar triangle, https://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/europe/wweimar_triangle1/weimar_triangle, (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mart 2019).
  • Mınıstry Of Foreıgn Affaırs Republıc Of Poland. (2019). Visegrad Group, https://www.msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_policy/europe/visegrad_group/. (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Temmuz 2019).
  • Mınıstry Of Foreıgn Affaırs Of The Czech Republıc. (2019). Visegrad Cooperation, https://www.mzv.cz/jnp/en/foreign_relations/visegrad_group/index.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Temmuz 2019).
  • Mınıstry Of Foreıgn And European Affaırs Of The Slovak Republıc, (2019). Slovakia and V4, https://www.mzv.sk/web/en/slovakia_and_v4, (Erişim Tarihi: 15 Temmuz 2019).
  • Muller, R. (2015). Sobotka: Czechs Would benefit from Eurozone Membership, Euractiv, 1 Haziran 2015, https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-europe/news/sobotka-czechs-would-benefit-from-eurozone-membership/, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2019).
  • Naegele, J. (2002). Czech Republic: The benes decrees – how did they come to be and what do they mandate? RadioFreeEurope RadioLiberty, 1 Mart 2002, https://www.rferl.org/a/1098965.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Temmuz 2019).
  • Nic, M. (2016). The Visegrad Group in the EU: 2016 As A Turning-Point?. European View, 15(2), 281-290. Norsk Senter For Forskningsdata. (2019). Czech Republic political parties, https://nsd.no/european_election_database/country/czech_republic/parties.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2019).
  • Poláčková, H. (1994). Regional cooperation in Central Europe: Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia: From Visegrad to CEFTA. Perspectives, 3, 117-129.
  • Saral, E. (2010). Slovakya’daki macar azınlık ve bunun Slovakya-Macaristan ilişkilerine etkisi. T.C. Türk İş birliği ve Kalkınma İdaresi Başkanlığı, Avrupa Etüdleri, s.151-157.
  • Sarnyaı, G. (2019). The Euro in Hungary: Not happening anytime soon, Hungary Today, https://hungarytoday.hu/the-euro-in-hungary-not-happening-anytime-soon/, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2019).
  • Schmıdt, A. (2016). Frieds forever? The role of the Visegrad Group and European integration. Politics in Central Europe, 12(3), 113-140.
  • Schopflın, G. (2016). Political lessons for Central Europe from Orbán’s Hungary, Aspen Review, Sayı 02, https://www.aspenreview.com/article/2017/political-lessons-for-central-europe-from-orbans-hungary/, (8 Temmuz 2019).
  • Shah, S. (2019). Poland rules out Euro adoption, Emerging Europe, 17 Nisan 2019, https://emerging-europe.com/news/poland-rules-out-euro-adoption/, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Temmuz 2019).
  • Sonyaı, G. (2019). The Hungarian population decline shows no sign of slowing down. Hungary Today, https://hungarytoday.hu/the-hungarian-population-decline-shows-no-sign-of-slowing-down/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2019).
  • Sputnık News. (2018). Çekya’da seçimleri bir kez daha zeman kazandı, https://tr.sputniknews.com/avrupa/201801271031995436-cekyada-cumhurbaskanligi-secimlerini-zeman-kazandi/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Haziran 2019).
  • Štépánovský, J. (1994/1995). Cooperation within the Central European Visegrad Group: A Czech Perspective. Perspectives, 4, 91-98.
  • Strážay, T. (2018). Towards a sustainable Visegrad: Some reflections on the future role of Central Europe in the EU. Understanding Central Europe, Editörler: Marcin Moskalewicz & Wojciech Przybylski, Routledge, New York, s.115-118.
  • Szılágyi, I. M. (2014). Problems and future possibilities of Visegrad Cooperation. AARMS, 13(2), 295-304.
  • Taylor, A. (2016). The Czech Republic is getting a new name: Czechia, The Washington Post, 15 Nisan 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/04/15/the-czech-republic-is-getting-a-new-name-czechia/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.30fc99cd591f, (Erişim Tarihi: 20 Temmuz 2019). The World Bank. (2019). Czech Republic Population, https://data.worldbank.org/country/czech-republic, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2019).
  • The World Bank. (2019). Hungary Population, https://data.worldbank.org/country/hungary, (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mart 2019).
  • The World Bank. (2019). Poland Population, https://data.worldbank.org/country/poland, (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mart 2019).
  • The World Bank. (2019). “Slovak Republic Population”, https://data.worldbank.org/country/slovak-republic, (Erişim Tarihi: 21 Mart 2019).
  • The World Bank. (2018). 2018 GNI Datas for Germany, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD?end=2018&locations=DE&start=2018&view=bar, (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mart 2019).
  • The World Bank. (2018). 2018 GNI Datas for Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovak Republic, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.MKTP.CD?end=2018&locations=PL-HU-CZ-SK&start=2018&view=bar, (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Mart 2019).
  • Tianping, K. (2017). The Role of Visegrad Group and Its Prospect: An Outsider’s View. Foreign Policy Review, Institute for Foreign Affairs and Trade, 10, 55-72.
  • Torő, C., Eamonn B. and Károly G. (2014). Visegrad: The evolving pattern of coordination and partnership after EU Enlargement. Europe-Asia Studies, 66(3), 364-393.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı. (2016). Avrupa Birliği Bütçesi, Ankara, s.10, https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/EMPB/ab_butcesi.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Haziran 2019).
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. (2019). Lizbon Antlaşması, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lizbon-antlasmasi.tr.mfa, (Erişim Tarihi: 12 Temmuz 2019).
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2018). Brexit Çekya’yı ve Bölgeyi Nasıl Etkileyecek, 16.11.2018, https://ticaret.gov.tr/blog/ulkelerden-ticari-haberler/cek-cumhuriyeti/brexit-cekyayi-ve-bolgeyi-nasil-etkileyecek, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Nisan 2019).
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ticaret Bakanlığı. (2019). Çekya’da Brexit Endişesi, 17.01.2019, https://www.ticaret.gov.tr/blog/ulkelerden-ticari-haberler/cek-cumhuriyeti/cekyada-brexit-endisesi, (Erişim Tarihi: 13 Nisan 2019).
  • Wahl, P. (2017). Between Eurotopia and Nationalism: A Third Way fort he Future of the EU, Globalizations, Cilt 14, Sayı 1, s.157-163.
  • Witte, G. (2019). Hungary’s Viktor Orban has bashed Europe for years. Will Europe’s most important political party finally kick him out?, The Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/hungarys-viktor-orban-has-bashed-europe-for-years-will-europes-most-important-political-party-finally-kick-him-out/2019/03/17/66fb7430-402d-11e9-85ad-779ef05fd9d8_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.37611be54fa7 , (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Mart 2019).
  • Visegrad Fund. (2019). Conference of Ministers, https://www.visegradfund.org/about-us/conference-of-ministers/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Haziran 2019).
  • Visegrad Fund. (2019). Council of Ambassadors, https://www.visegradfund.org/about-us/council-of-ambassadors/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Haziran 2019).
  • Visegrad Fund. (2019). Visegrad Fund, https://www.visegradfund.org/about-us/the-fund/, (Erişim Tarihi: 22 Haziran 2019).
  • Visegrad Fund. (2019). About the Visegrad Group, http://www.visegradgroup.eu/about, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Mart 2019).
  • Visegrad Fund. (2019). History of the Visegrad Group, http://www.visegradgroup.eu/about/history, (Erişim Tarihi: 8 Temmuz 2019).
  • Visegrad Fund. (2019). Presidency Programs, http://www.visegradgroup.eu/documents/presidency-programs, (Erişim Tarihi: 16 Temmuz 2019).