Kriz Yönetimi Bağlamında Covid-19’un Eğitim Politikalarına Etkisi: Çin, ABD ve İtalya Örneği

Küresel bir salgın olan COVID-19, ülkeleri; sağlık sistemi, ekonomi ve eğitim gibi çeşitli boyutlarda etkilemektedir. Mevcut çalışma, kriz yönetimi süreci çerçevesinde Çin, ABD ve İtalya'da COVID-19 salgını sırasında eğitim politikası uygulamalarını rapor etmeyi ve karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Betimleyici nitelikte hazırlanan bu çalışma, COVID-19 fenomeni hakkındaki kaynakları belgelemeye ve eğitim politikalarının benzer ve farklı uygulamalarını keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bulgular, eğitim politikalarının, idari yaklaşımlardaki küçük farklılıklar dışında çoğunlukla benzer modellerde uygulandığını göstermektedir. Araştırma bulguları belirtilen ülkelerdeki eğitim alanında uygulanan hazırlıkları; eğitim politikalarının esnek ve sistematik planlanması, yetkililer ve okullar arasındaki işbirliği ve koordinasyon, internet altyapısının iyileştirilmesi ve esnek eğitim programlarının sağlanması olarak sıralanmaktadır. Pandemide eğitim politikaları ve uygulamalarının araştırılmasının eğitim konularında kriz yönetimi açısından yol gösterici olması beklenmektedir.

Crisis Management on Education Policies during Covid-19: The Case of China, USA and Italy

COVID-19 is a global pandemic and affects countries in several dimensions such as health system, economy and education. The current study seeks to report and compare implementations of educational policy during COVID-19 pandemic in China, USA and Italy within the framework of crisis manage-ment process. The current study is descriptive in that it seeks to document sources on the phenomenon COVID-19 pandemic and explore similar or different implementations of educational policies. The findings indicate that educational policies are implemented in mostly similar patterns except slight differences in administrative approaches. Although the outcomes of the policies will be evident in the future, some implications can be listed as flexible and systematic planning of educational policies, collaboration and cooperation among authorities and schools, improving internet infrastructure and providing flexible educational programs. It is expected that investigation of educational policies and implementations in pandemic will guide in terms of managing crisis in educational issues.

Keywords:

Covid-19, coronavirus, educational policy, educational management crisis management,

PDF

___

ANSA. (2020). Two Coronavirus cases found in Italy. Retrieved on 12 March 2020 from http://www.ansa.it/english/news/general_news/2020/01/31/two-coronaviruscases-found-in-italy_981d57c5- 67b9-4043-95d5-f6bd47e389df.html
Avgerinou, M. D. andMoros, S. E. (2020). The 5-phase process as a balancing act during times of disruption: Transitioning to virtual teaching at an international JK-5 school. In R. E. Ferdig, E. Baumgartner, R. Hartshorne,R. Kaplan-Rakowski & C. Mouza (eds), (2020). Teaching, technology, and teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Stories from the field. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Retrieved on 15 June 2020 from https://www.learntechlib.org/p/216903/
Bennis, W., and Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper-Perennial.
Carinci, F. (2020). Covid-19: Preparedness, decentralisation, and the hunt for patient zero. BMJ, 368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m799
CDC. (2020a). Plan, prepare, and respond to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved on 14 April 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/guidance-for-schools.html
CDC. (2020b). Plan, prepare, and respond to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved on 14 April 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/community/guidance-ihe-response.html
Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing crisis communication: Planning, managing and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Education and Technology Department. (2020). Notice of the office of the leading group of the ministry of education on the response to the epidemic situation of new Coronavirus infection on the support of education and teaching with informatization during the epidemic prevention and control. Retrieved on 11 March 2020 from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A16/s3342/202002/t20200214_421005.html
Herdman, E.A. (2006). Derleme makale yazımında, konferans ve bildiri sunumu hazırlamada pratik bilgiler.Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 3(1), 2-4.
ITCILO. (2020). On the un campus in Italy, learning continues despite COVID-19: Five ways we are transitioning online. Retrieved on 11 April 2020 from https://www.itcilo.org/e-learning-covid-19
La Stampa. (2020). Regioni sotto accusa. conte: “Toglieremo i poteri”. La replica dalla Lombardia: “Purtroppo abbiamo seguito il governo. Retrieved on 08 June 2020 from https://www.lastampa.it/cronaca/2020/02/25/news/regioni-sotto-accusaconte-toglieremo-i-poteri-la-replica-dalla-lombardiapurtroppo-abbiamo-seguito-il-governo-1.38515045
Martin, J. (1992). Cultures in organizations: Three perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press.
McAleer, M. (2020). Prevention is better than the cure: Risk management of COVID-19. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(3). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030046
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. (2020a). Guidance on the organization and management of online teaching in colleges and universities during the epidemic prevention and control period. retrieved on 14 March 2020 from http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A08/s7056/202002/t20200205_418138.html
Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. (2020b). Relevant person in charge of the ministry of education answered reporters’ questions on the postponement of the “Suspending Classes Without Stopping Learning” in Primary and Secondary Schools”. Retrieved on 14 March 2020 from http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/s271/202002/t20200211_420109.html
Ministry of Education. (2020). Dipartimento per il sistema educativo di istruzione e di formazione. Retrieved on 1 April 2020 from https://www.miur.gov.it/documents/20182/0/Nota+prot.+388+del+17+marzo+2020.pdf/d6acc6a2-1505-9439- a9b4-735942369994?version=1.0&t=1584474278499
Mitroff, I. I., and Alpaslan, C. M. (2003). Preparing for evil. Harvard Business Review, 81(4),109–115.
Mitroff, I. I., Alpaslan, C. M., andGreen, S. E. (2004). Crises as Ill-structured messes: Philosophical ıssues of crisis management. The International Studies Review, 6(2), 175–182.
Mitroff, I. I., Mason, R. O., and Pearson, C. M. (1994). Framebreak. San Francisco: JosseyBass
OSHA. (2020). Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved on 14 March 2020 from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/
Patrinos, H. A., and Shmis, T. (2020). Can technology help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on education systems in Europe and Central Asia?. Retrieved on 14 March 2020 from https://blogs.worldbank.org/europeandcentralasia/can-technologyhelp-mitigate-impact-covid-19-education-systems-europe-and
Pauchant, T. C., andDouville, R. (1994). Recent research in crisis management: A study of 24 authors' publications from 1986 to 1991. Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7, 43-61.
Pearson, C. M., and Clair, J. A. (1998). Reframing crisis management. Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 59-76.
Perry, D. C., Taylor, M., andDoerfel, M. L. (2003). Internet-based communication in crisis management. Management Communication Quarterly, 17(2), 206-232.
Pucciarelli, M., and Rancati, M. (2020). Coronavirus, tutti gli spostamenti di Mattia, il 38enne contagiato di Codogno. La Repubblica, Retrieved on 21 March 2020 from https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2020/02/22/news/il_contagiato249206473/
Reuters. (2020). Locked-down no longer, China's Hubei begins return to normal.Retrieved on 18 June 2020 from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronaviruschina-toll/locked-down-no-longer-chinas-hubei-begins-return-to-normalidUSKBN21C01A
Schumaker, E. (2020). Timeline: How Coronavirus got started. ABC News,Retrieved on 10 June 2020 from https://abcnews.go.com/Health/timeline-coronavirusstarted/story?id=69435165
Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., and Ulmer, R. R. (2001). Public relations and crisis communication: Organizing and chaos. In R. L. Heath (ed), Handbook of public relations(p. 155-166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Shan-Lu, L., andSaif, L. (2020). Emerging viruses without borders: The Wuhan coronavirus. Viruses, 12(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020130
Shapira, Z. (1995). Risk taking: A managerial perspective. New York: Russell Sage Foundation
The People’s Government of Zhejiang Province. (2020). Zhejiang’s guidance issued for the implementation of online education during the delayed start of primary and middle schools. Retrieved on 24 March 2020 from http://www.zj.gov.cn/art/2020/2/6/art_1654331_41948673.html
Thomsen, S. R. (1995). Using online databases in corporate issues management. Public Relations Review, 21, 103-122.
U.S. Department of State. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Retrieved on 19 March 2020 from https://www.state.gov/coronavirus/
UNESCO. (2020). How is China ensuring learning when classes are disrupted by coronavirus?. Retrieved on 20 June 2020 from https://en.unesco.org/news/how-china-ensuring-learning-when-classes-are-disrupted-coronavirus
Weick, K. E. (1988). Enacted sensemaking in crisis situations. Journal of Management Studies, 25, 305-317.
Wuhan Municipal Health Commission. (2019). Wuhan Municipal Health Commission’s briefing on the current pneumonia epidemic situation in our city. Retrieved on 18 March 2020 from http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/front/web/showDetail/2019123108989
Yue, X. G., Shao, X. F., Li, R. Y. M., Crabbe, M. J. C., Mi, L., Hu, S., Baker, J. S., andLiang, G. (2020). Risk management analysis for novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(2). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13020022
Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Yang, L., andWang, C. (2020). Suspending Classes Without Stopping Learning: China’s education emergency management policy in the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(3). doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13030055
Zhaohui, W. (2020). How a top Chinese university is responding to Coronavirus. World Economic Forum, Retrieved on 18 June 2020 from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/03/coronavirus-china-the-challenges-of-online-learning-for-universities/