Avar Kağanlığı'nın iktisadi tarihi

6.ile 8 yüzyıllar arasında hüküm süren Avarlar, Orta Çağ Avrupası’nın tarihini ve kaderini belirlemişlerdir.Avarların kendilerine ait günümüze ulaşan yazılı metinlerin olmayışı Avar tarihinin aydınlatılmasındayerleşim yeri ve mezar yeri arkeolojik çalışmalarını çok daha önemli kılmaktadır. Avarlar konusunda pek çokakademik çalışma bulunmakla birlikte Avarların iktisadi hayatı ve faaliyetleri üzerine odaklanmış çalışmalaryok denecek düzeydedir. Bu çalışmada, Avar ekonomisinin başlıca yapı taşlarını oluşturan sektörler olaraksavaş ekonomisi, tarım ve hayvancılık, ticaret, madencilik ve metal işleme ile çömlekçilik sektörleri detaylı birşekilde incelenmiştir. Erken dönemde göçebe yaşam tarzına özgü yağma ve savaş ekonomisinin yanı sırakonar-göçer hayvancılıkla uğraşan Avarların bilhassa bitkisel gıda, gündelik eşyalar ve tekstil ürünlerindeçevre kabilelere bağımlı oldukları gözlenmiştir. Erken dönemin sonlarından itibaren kademeli olarak yarıgöçebe-yarı yerleşik hayata geçişle birlikte ev ekonomisi şeklinde başlayan bazı zanaatların zamanla yerel vebölgesel üretime dönük faaliyetlere dönüştüğü ve sınırlı bir toplumsal iş bölümünün ortaya çıktığıgörülmektedir. Tuz, çömlek ve hayvan ticaretinin de Avar ekonomisinde önemli bir yer tuttuğu, dahası Avarfetihlerinde ticari saiklerin önemli bir motif olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Avar mezarlarına konulan eşyalarınincelenmesinden toplumsal katmanlaşmanın var olduğu ve yerleşik hayata geçişle birlikte söz konusukatmanlaşmanın daha da belirginleştiği değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avar, Bizans, Frank, Orta Çağ, Ekonomik Arkeoloji

Economic history of Avar Khaganate

The Avars, who ruled between the 6th and 8th centuries, determined the history and fate of Medieval Europe. The absence of surviving written texts of the Avars makes the archaeological studies of the settlement and burial place important in enlightening the history of Avar. In this study, the war economy, agriculture and livestock, trade, mining and metalworking, and pottery sectors are examined in detail, which are the main building blocks of the Avar economy. In the early period, it was observed that Avars, who were engaged in looting and war economy peculiar to the nomadic lifestyle, as well as nomadic livestock, were especially dependent on the surrounding tribes for plant food, daily goods, and textile products. It is seen that some crafts that started as a home economy with the gradual transition to semi-nomadic-semi-sedentary life from the end of the early period turned into activities for local and regional production over time. It is understood that the trade of salt, pottery, and animals occupies an important place in the Avar economy. From the examination of the items placed in the Avar tombs, it is evaluated that there is social stratification and this stratification becomes more evident with the transition to settled life.

Keywords:

Avars, Byzantine, Franks, Middle Age, Economic archaeology.,

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