TELL TAYİNAT YERLEŞİMİNDE GEÇ TUNÇ - ERKEN DEMİR ÇAĞI GEÇİŞ DÖNEMİ SERAMİKLERİ ÜZERİNDEN AMİK OVASI'NDA GÖRÜLEN YEREL DEVAMLILIKLAR VE DOĞU AKDENİZ BAĞLANTILARI

Tell Tayinat Amik Ovası'nda, kuzey Suriye bölgesini İç Anadolu ile bağlayan ve Akdeniz'e açılan önemli ticaret yollarının üzerinde bulunur. Bu yerleşim Demir Çağı'nda çok önemli bir krallığın merkezidir ve bununla ilgili veriler Chicago Üniversitesi'nin Oriental Institute tarafından önceden yapılmış olan araştırmalar ve daha sonra başlayan Toronto Üniversitesi, Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations bölümü tarafından sürdürülen kazılar sayesinde bilinmektedir. Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz bölgesinde Geç Tunç II'nin sonları Hitit krallığının yıkılması ile alışılmış ekonomik ve siyasi yapıların çökmesi ve kent odaklı merkezi güçlerden daha kırsal bir düzene geçildiği için daha sonraki gelişmelere yön veren önemli bir zaman dilimidir. Bölgedeki birçok yerleşimden elde edilen veriler ışığında bu dönemde hem bir takım istikrarsızlıkların süregeldiğini hem de bazı devamlılıkların görüldüğünü ve bunların her bölge için değişik koşullara bağlı olarak farklı şekillerde meydana çıktığını görürüz. Genel olarak Geç Hellas IIIC seramikleri doğu Akdeniz'de yerel güçleri yakıp yıkan ve bunların harabelerinin üzerine yerleşen 'Sea Peoples' ile eşleştirilerek bölgedeki merkeziyetçi devletlerin yıkılmasını açıklayan kapsayıcı bir anlatının öznesi olmuşlardır. Fakat Amik Ovası'nda yakın zamanda yapılan yeni araştırmalar sonucunda bu çöküşün aslında bu kadar basit bir süreç içinde gerçekleşmediğini görüyoruz. Bu bağlamda, bu makalede Tell Tayinat yerleşimi Geç Tunç II-Erken Demir Çağı geçiş katmanlarından elde edilen seramikler ışığında bu döneminde yerel ve yerel olmayan ilişkilerin yeniden düzenlenmesi ve bunlar üzerinden sonraki Demir Çağı devletlerinin oluşumu incelenecektir

Local Continuities and Eastern Mediterranean Connections of Tell Tayinat Settlement during Late Bronze-Iron Age Transitional Period Based on Ceramic Analysis

Tell Tayinat is located in the Amuq Plain at the important cross-roads tying the Syro-Anatolian world with central Anatolia, as well as to the maritime routes opening into the Mediterranean connections. The significance of this settlement for the region during the Iron Age is apparent by the accumulation of new evidence from the recent excavations initiated by the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto along with data known from the previous University of Chicago Oriental Institute regional project. End of the Late Bronze Age can be seen as the formative period for the northeast Mediterranean region after the disruption of the well-established economic and political structures with the demise of the Hittite Kingdom and marked by a shift from urban and centralized organ i za tion to a more rural one. The material culture from various settle-ments along the northeast Mediterranean indicate that this is a period both of instability and persistence, the combination of which is specific to each region and determined by a wide variety of variables. Traditionally the well-known LH IIIC pottery is used as an umbrella phenomenon to explain the sudden demise of centralized powers in the region by being equated with the so-called 'Sea Peoples' who ransacked eastern Mediterranean local polities and settled on their ruins. However, recent excavations in the Amuq present us with new evidence suggesting that this collapse was not a simple process. Within this context, pottery from well stratified end of Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age deposits at Tell Tayinat is studied with the aim of understanding the reconfigurations of various local and non-local networks during this period and how the later Iron Age political formations are established.

___

Ahrens v.d. 2008 Ahrens, A., E. Kozal, C. Kümmel, I. Laube, M. Novak, "Sirkeli Höyük - Kulturkontakte in Kilikien. Vorbericht über die Kampagnen 2006 und 2007 der deutsch-türkischen Mission" Istanbuler Mitteilungen 58, 67-107.

Allen 1990 Allen, S. H., Northwest Anatolian Grey Wares in the Late Bronze Age: Analysis and Distribution in the Eastern Mediterranean, Brown University Department of Classics PhD Thesis, Providence.

Allen 1991 Allen, S. H., "Late Bronze Age Grey Wares in Cyprus", Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record, (eds. J. A. Barlow, D. L. Bolger, B. Kling), Philadelphia, 151-167

.Allen 1994 Allen, S. H., "Trojan Grey Ware at Tel Miqne-Ekron", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 293, 39-51.

Batiuk 2007 Batiuk, S., "Ancient Landscapes of the Amuq: Geoarchaeological Surveys of the Amuq Valley: 1999-2006", The Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 2, 51-57.

Blegen v.d. 1958 Blegen, C. W. - C. G. Boulter - J. L. Caskey - M. Rawson, "Troy: Excavations Conducted by the University of Cincinnati, 1932-1938, Vol. 4: Settlements VIIa, VIIb, and VIII", Princeton.

Bouthillier v.d. 2014 Bouthillier, C. - C. Colantoni - S. Debruyne - C. Glatz - M. M. Hald - D. Heslop - E. Kozal - B. Miller - P. Popkin - N. Postgate - C. S. Steele - A. Stone, "Further Work at Kilise Tepe, 2007-2011: Refining the Bronze to Iron Age Transition", Anatolian Studies 64, 95-161.

Braidwood v. d. 1960 Braidwood, R., L. Braidwood, "Excavations in the Plain of Antioch" Oriental Institute Publications 61, Chicago.

Bryce 1998 Bryce, T., "The Kingdom of the Hittites" Oxford.

Dornemann 2003 Dornemann, R. H., "Preliminary Excavation Reports and OtherArchaeological Excavations. Tell Qarqur, Iron I Sites in the North-Central Highlands of Palestine", Boston

Eriksson 1991 Eriksson, K. O., "Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware: A Product of Late Bronze Age Cyprus" Cypriot Ceramics: Reading the Prehistoric Record (eds. J. A. Barlow, D. L. Bolger, B. Kling), Philadelphia, 81-96.

Eriksson 1993 Eriksson, K. O., "Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware", Jonsered.

Garstang 1953 J. Garstang, "Prehistoric Mersin: Yümüktepe in Southern Turkey" Oxford.

Gates 2001 Gates, M.-H., "Potmarks at Kinet Höyük and the Hittite Ceramic Industry." La Cilicie: Espaces et Pouvoirs Locaux (2e millénaire av. J.-C. - 4e siècle ap. J.-C.) (eds. E. Jean, A. M. Dinçol and S. Durugönül), Istanbul, 137-57.

Gates 2006 Gates, M.-H., "Dating the Hittite Levels at Kinet Höyük: a Revised Chronology" Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology (BYZAS 4) (eds. D. P. Mielke, J. Seeher, U.-D. Schoop, Istanbul, 293-309.

Gates 2010 Gates, M.-H., "Potters and Consumers in Cilicia and the Amuq during the 'Age of Transformations' (13th-10th centuries BC.)", Societies in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age (ed. F. Venturi), Bologna, 65-81.

Hansen - Postgate 2007 Hansen, C., N. Postgate, "Pottery from Level III - II", Excavations at Kilise Tepe, 1994-98: From Bronze Age to Byzantine in Western Cilicia (eds. N. Postgate, D. Thomas), London, 329-370.Harrison v.d. 2008

Harrison, T. P. - S. Batiuk - H. Snow, "Tayinat Höyük Kazıları", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 29.2, 85-98.

Harrison 2009a Harrison, T. P., "Neo-Hittites in the 'Land of Palistin'", Near Eastern Archaeology 72, 174-189.

Harrison 2009b Harrison, T. P., "Lifting the Veil on a 'Dark Age': Ta'yinat and the North Orontes Valley during the Early Iron Age", Exploring the Longue Duree: Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager (ed. J. D. Schloen), Winona Lake, 171-184.

Hawkins 1988 Hawkins, J. D., "Kuzi-Te?ub and the "Great Kings" of Karkami?", Anatolian Studies 38, 99-108.

Hawkins 1995 Hawkins, J. D., "Great Kings" and "Country Lords" at Malatya and Karkami?", Studio historiae ardens: ancient Near Eastern studies presented to Philo H.J. Houwink ten Cate on the occasion of his 65thbirthday, (eds. Theo P. J. van den Hout, Jç de Roos), Istanbul, 73-86.

Hawkins 1998 Hawkins, J. D., "Tarkasnawa King of Mira 'Tarkondemos', Bo?azköy Sealings and Karabel", Anatolian Studies 48, 1-31.

Hawkins 2002 Hawkins, J. D., "Anatolia: The End of the Hittite Empire and After", Die nahöhstlichen Kulturen und Griechenland an der Wende vom 2. zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr.: Kontinuität und Wandel von Strukturen und Mechanismen kultureller Interaktion (eds. E. A. Braun-Holzinger, H. Matthäus), Möhnesee, 144-151.

Horowitz 2016 Horowitz. M. T. "The Evolution of Plain Ware Ceramics at the Regional Capital of Alalakh in the 2nd Millennium BC", Plain Pottery Traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East: Production, Use, and Social Significance (eds. C. Glatz), New York, 153-181.

Janeway 2011 Janeway, B., "Mycenaean Bowls at 12th/11th Century BC Tell Tayinat (Amuq Valley)", On Cooking Pots, Drinking Cups, Loomweights and Ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neighbouring Regions. An International Archaeological Symposium Held in Nicosia (eds. V. Karageorghis, O. Kouka), Nicosia, 167-185.

Killebrew 2000 Killebrew, A. E., "Aegean-Style Early Philistine Pottery in Canaan during the Iron I Age: A Stylistic Analysis of Mycenaean IIIC:1b Pottery and its Associated Wares", The Sea Peoples and their World: A Reassessment (ed. E. D. Oren), Philadelphia, 233-253.

Koehl 2010 Koehl, R. B. "Mycenaean Pottery", Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh (Ed. K. A. Yener), Istanbul,81-84.

Kozal 2007 Kozal, E., "Regionality in Anatolia between 15th and 13th Centuries BC: Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware Versus Mycenaean Pottery", The lustrous wares of Late Bronze Age Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean (I. Hein), Wien, 141-148.

Kozal 2010 Kozal, E. "Cypriot Pottery", Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh (Ed. K. A. Yener), Istanbul, 67-80.

Kozal 2015 Kozal, E., "A Discussion of the Origin and the Distribution Patterns of Red Lustrous Wheel-made Ware in Anatolia: Cultural Connections across the Taurus and Amanus Mountains", La Cappadoce Méridionale de la préhistoire à la période byzantine (eds. D. Beyer, O. Henry, A. Tibet), İstanbul, 53-64.

Kuhrt 1995 Kuhrt, A., "The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC", New York.

Osborne 2011 Osborne, J. F., "Spatial Analysis and Political Authority in the Iron Age Kingdom of Patina, Turkey" (Harvard University Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi) Boston.

Mielke 2007 Mielke, D. P., "Red Lustrous Wheelmade Ware from Hittite Contexts" The lustrous wares of Late Bronze Age Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean (I. Hein), Wien, 155-168.

Mühlenbruch 2014 Mühlenbruch, T., Hethitische Keramik im Kontext : das Gebäude B von Kayalıpınar und die Nutzung institutioneller Gebäude des 2. Jt.s v. Chr. im ostmediterranen Raum, Rahden/Westf.

Müller-Karpe 1988 Müller-Karpe, A., Hethitische Töpferei der Oberstadt von Hattu?a: ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis spät-grossreichszeitlicher Keramik und Töperferbetriebe unter Zugrundelegung der Grabungsergebnisse von 1978-82 in Bo?azköy, Marburg.

Parzinger - Sanz 1992 Parzinger, H. - R. Sanz, Die Oberstadt von H?attu?a. Hethitische Keramik aus dem zentralen Tempelviertel, Berlin.

Pavúk 2014 Pavúk, P., "Troia VI Früh und Mitte: Keramik, Stratigraphie,Chronologie", Studia Troica Monographien 3, Bonn.

Schoop 2003 Schoop, U.-D., "Pottery Traditions of the Later Hittite Empire: Problems of Definition", Identifying Changes: the Transition from Bronze to Iron Ages in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions (eds. B. Fischer, H. Genz, E.Jean, K. Köroğlu), İstanbul, 167-178.

Sevin - Köroğlu 2004 Sevin, V. - K. Köroğlu, "Late Bronze Age at Yumuktepe: New Evidence from Step-Trench South", Mersin-Yumuktepe: A Reappraisal(eds. I. Caneva, V. Sevin), Lecce, 73-83.

Sheratt 1998 Sheratt, S., "'Sea Peoples' and the Economic Structure of the late Second Millennium in the Eastern Mediterranean" Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE: In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan (eds. S. Gitin, A. Mazar, E. Stern), Jerusalem, 292-311.

Ünlü 2016a Ünlü, E., "Tarsus-Gözlükule Höyüğü Geç Tunç IIB Katmanında Rastlanan Seramik Devamlılıkları", CEDRUS IV, 1-9.

Ünlü 2016b Ünlü, E., "The Pottery of the Latest Iron IA Phase at Tell Tayinat, Amuq", Questions, Approaches, and Dialogues in the Eastern Medi-terranean Archaeology: Studies in Honor of Marie-Henriette and Charles Gates (eds. M. Akar, C. Çakırlar, Ç. Çilingiroğlu, Y. Heffron, É. Jean, E. Kozal, E. Şerifoğlu, A. U. Türkcan, S. Ünlüsoy), Münster, 601-616.

Venturi 2010 Venturi, F., "Cultural Breakdown or Evolution? The Impact of Changes in 12th Century BC Tell Afis", Societies in Transition: Evolutionary Processes in the Northern Levant between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age (ed. F. Venturi), Bologna, 1-27.

Venturi 2011 Venturi, F., "North Syrian Plateau Before and After the Fall of the Hittite Empire: New Evidence from Tell Afis", Empires after the em-pire : Anatolia, Syria and Assyria after Suppiluliuma II (ca. 1200/800-700 B.C.) (ed. K. Strobel), Vicchio, Italy, 139-166.

Venturi 2013 Venturi, F., "The Transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age at Tell Afis, Syria (phases VII-III) " Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia (ed. A. K. Yener), Leuven, 227-259.

Venturi 2015 Venturi, F., "Storage Jars and Household Storage Methods in Tell Afis Between Late Bronze Age II and Iron Age II" From the Treasures of Syria: Essays on Art and Archaeology in Honour of Stefania Mazzoni (eds. P. Ciafardoni, D. Giannessi), Leiden, 75-108.

Yalçın 2013 Yalçın, S., "A Re-evaluation of the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age Transitional Period: Stratigraphic Sequence and Plain Ware of Tarsus-Gözlükule" Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations be-tween Syria and Anatolia (ed. A. K. Yener), Leuven, 195-211.

Yassur-Landau 2010 Yassur-Landau, A., The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age, Cambridge.

Yener 2013 Yener, K. A., "New Excavations at Alalakh: The 14th -12th Centuries BC" Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia (ed. A. K. Yener), Leaven, 11-35.

Weeden 2013 Weeden, M., "After the Hittites: The Kingdoms of Karkamish and Palistin in Northern Syria", Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 56, 1-20.

Woolley 1955 Woolley, L., Alalakh: an account of the excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, London