Özel tip mısır genotiplerinin farklı gelişme dönemlerinde fizyolojik özellikler ile kalite özellikleri için heterosis, kalıtım derecesi ve gen etkilerinin incelenmesi

Mısır bitkisi genetik araştırmalarda kullanılan en önemli model bitkilerden birisidir. Normal tane yapısına sahip mısır genotiplerinde çeşitli özelliklerin kalıtımını konu edinen çok sayıda araştırma bulunmasına karşın, özel tip mısır genotiplerinde bu araştırmalar sınırlı düzeyde kalmıştır. Bu çalışma özel tip (yüksek yağlı, yüksek proteinli) mısır genotiplerinde bazı agronomik, fizyolojik ve kalite özelliklerinin kalıtımını konu edinmektedir. İki yıllık (2011 ve 2012) olarak yürütülen araştırmada ekimden itibaren 40., 60., 82., 100 ve 122. günlerde 13 agronomik, 9 fizyolojik ve 7 kalite özelliği olmak üzere toplam 29 özellik incelenmiştir. Elde edilen veriler Düzeltilmiş Sapmasız Hesaplama (Adjusted Unbiased Prediction) yöntemiyle eklemeli ve dominans model (Additive + Dominance) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Her bir özellik için vejetasyon evrelerine göre heterosis, kalıtım dereceleri hesaplanarak bu hesaplamalardaki değişim incelenmiştir. Ayrıca heterosise neden olan gen etkileri polar grafik yöntemi ile gösterilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları heterosis ve kalıtım derecesinin vejetasyon süresinde özellik gruplarına göre değişim gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bitkisel özellikler ve fizyolojik özelliklerin büyük kısmında pozitif yönde ve yüksek derecede heterosis (>%50) olduğu saptanmıştır. Tane protein, karbonhidrat ve yağ içeriğinde de bazı örnekleme tarihlerinde pozitif yönde heterosis olduğu belirlenmiştir. İncelenen özelliklerden 18’inde kalıtım derecesi yüksek bulunmuştur. Heterosise neden olan gen etkilerine ilişkin analizler, bitkisel özellikler ile fizyolojik özelliklerin çoğunda üstün dominans gen etkilerinin rol oynadığını, kalite özelliklerinde ise heterosisin dominant ve eklemeli gen etkileriyle ortaya çıktığını göstermiştir. Yüksek yağlı ve yüksek proteinli mısır genotipleri arasında bazı özellikler için heterosis ve kalıtım derecesi ile gen etki hesaplamalarında farklılıklar olduğu saptanmıştır. Ayrıca incelenen bazı özelliklerle ilgili heterosisin farklı gelişim evrelerinde değişim gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Genetik analizler, Dominans gen etkisi, Eklemeli gen etkisi, Varyasyon

Investigation of heterosis, heritability and genetic effects for physiological and quality traits in different developmental stages of specialty maize genotypes

Maize is one of the most important model crops used in genetic research. Although there are numerous studies regarding the heritability of various traits in maize, such studies are rather limited on specialty maize genotypes. This study focuses on the heritability of some agronomic, physiological, and quality traits in specialty (high oil, high protein) maize. Data were collected on the 40th, 60th, 82th, 100th, and 122th days from the planting for 13 agronomic, 9 physiological, and 7 quality traits in a 2-year study (2011 and 2012). Additive + Dominance model of the Adjusted Unbiased Prediction method was utilized to analyze the data. For each trait, heterosis and heritability values were computed based on vegetative stages and the variation of these values were investigated. The gene effects inducing heterosis were shown with polar graphics. The results indicated that heterosis and heritability values varied based on trait groups during vegetation period. High (>50%) and positive heterosis values were common for agronomic and physiological traits. Grain protein, carbohydrate and oil contents yielded positive heterosis for some sampling stages. The analyses of the gene effects causing heterosis showed that overdominance effects played a major role on agronomic and physiological traits, while the heterosis for quality traits were mainly under the control of dominance and additive gene effects. High oil and high protein maize genotypes had differences for heterosis, heritability and gene effect computations for some traits. It was understood that heterosis for some traits showed changes in different growth stages.

Keywords:

Genetic analyses, Dominance gene effect, Additive gene effects, Variation,

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