Biyo–Gübre uygulamalarının agregat oluşumu üzerindeki rolü

Bu çalışmada, beş farklı biyo–gübrenin (bireysel ve farklı kombinasyonlarda) mısır (Zea mays L.) bitkisinin yetiştirildiği killi tın tekstüre sahip bir toprağa (Typic Xerofluvent) uygulanarak agregat oluşumu üzerine etkileri belirlenmiştir. 90 günlük inkübasyon süresince sera koşullarında ve saksı denemesi olarak yürütülen çalışma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde planlanmıştır. Çalışmada, kontrol (gübre uygulamasız) (K), inorganik gübre (G) (15:15:15 kompoze gübre + amonyum nitrat, % 33 N), mikoriza (M) (Glomus spp.), alg (A) (Chlorella spp.), bakteri (BMF) (Bacillus megaterium KBA-10+Pantoea agglomerans RK-134+Pseudomonas fluorescens FDG-37), bakteri (BCP) (Bacillus subtilis PA1+Paenibacillus azotofixans PA2), vermikompost (V) (750 kg da-1), vermikompost+mikoriza (VM), vermikompost+alg (VA), vermikompost+bakteri (VBMF), vermikompost+bakteri (VBCP) olmak üzere on bir farklı uygulama denenmiştir. 90 günlük inkübasyon süresi sonunda, biyogübre uygulamaları makro– agregatların miktarında önemli artış meydana getirmiştir. BCP ve BMF uygulamaları >4 mm, M uygulaması 4–2 mm ve 2–1 mm, A ve V uygulamaları ise 2–1 mm boyuta sahip agregatların miktarında kontrole göre önemli düzeyde artış meydana getirmiştir. Çalışmada, >4 mm boyuta sahip agregatların miktarında özellikle vermikompost ile yapılan uygulamalarla önemli düzeyde artışlar elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Alg, Bakteri, Mikoriza, Vermikompost

The role of Bio–Fertilizer amendments on aggregate formation

In this study, the effects of five different bio-fertilizers (with alone or different combination) on aggregate formation in clay–loam (Typic Xerofluvent) textured soil, in which maize (Zea mays L.) plant was grown, were investigated. The study was conducted as a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions and arranged using Completely Randomized Block Design with three replications for 90 days. The study consisted of eleven experimental treatments: Control (no fertilizer) (K), inorganic fertilizer (15:15:15 compound fertilizer + ammonium nitrate, 33% N) (G), bio–fertilizer containing mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spp.) (M), bio–fertilizer containing microalgae (Chlorella spp.) (A), bio–fertilizer containing bacteria (Bacillus megaterium KBA–10 + Pantoea agglomerans RK–134 + Pseudomonas fluorescens FDG–37) (BMF), another biofertilizer containing bacteria (Bacillus subtilis PA1 + Paenibacillus azotofixans PA2) (BCP), vermicompost (V), vermicompost + mycorrhizal fungi (VM), vermicompost + microalgae (VA), vermicompost + bacteria (VBMF), vermicompost + bacteria (VBCP). At the end of the experiment, the results showed that bio-fertilizer treatments tended to increase the formation of macro– aggregates. The amount of macro– aggregates was significantly enhanced by treatments compared to control (>4 mm size class by BCP, 4–2 mm size class by M treatment, 2–1 mm size class by M, A and V treatments). The amount of aggregates >4 mm was greatly increased as a result of combined applications of bio–fertilizers and vermicompost.

Keywords:

Algae, Bacteria, Mycorrhiza, Vermicompost,

PDF

___

Adesemoye AO, Kloepper JW (2009) Plant–microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer–use efficiency. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85: 1–12.
Ambriz E, Baez–Perez A, Sanchez–Yanez JM, Moutoglis P, Villegas J (2010) Fraxinus–Glomus–Pisolithus Symbiosis: Plant growth and soil aggregation effects. Pedobiologia 53(6): 369–373.
Amellal N, Bartoli F, Villemin G, Talouizte A, Heulin T (1999) Effects of inoculation of EPS–producing Pantoea Agglomerans on wheat rhizosphere aggregation. Plant and Soil 211: 93–101.
Andrade G, Mihara, KL, Linderman RG, Bethlenfalvay GJ (1998) Soil aggregation status and rhizobacteria in the mycorrhizosphere. Plant and Soil 202: 89–96.
Bagyaraj DJ (1984) Biological interactions with VA mycorrhizal fungi. In: C. L. l. Powell and DJ. Bagyaraj (Editors), VA Mycorrhiza. CRC Press, pp. 131–153, Boca Raton, FL.
Bedini S, Pellegrino E, Avio L, Pellegrini S, Bazzoffi P, Argese E, Giovannetti M (2009) Changes in soil aggregation and glomalin–related soil protein content as affected by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41: 1491–1496.
Bezzate S, Aymerich S, Chambert R, Czarnes S, Berge O, Heulin T (2000) Disruption of the Paenibacillus Polymyxa levansucrase gene impairs its ability to aggregate soil in the wheat rhizosphere. Environmental Microbiology 2 (3): 333–342.
Black CA (1965) Methods of soil analysis. Part 2, Amer. Society of Agronomy Inc., Publisher Madisson, pp. 1372–1376, Wilconsin, USA.
Bossuyt H, Denef K, Six J, Frey SD, Merckx R, Paustian K (2001) Influence of microbial populations and residue quality on aggregate stability. Applied Soil Ecology 16 (3): 195–208.
Bouyoucos GJ (1951) A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal 43(9): 434–438.
Bronick CJ, Lal R (2005) Soil structure and management: a review. Geoderma 124: 3–22.
Canbolat M, Bilen S, Cakmakci R, Sahin F, Aydin A (2006) Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and soil compaction on barley seedling growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties and rhizosphere microflora. Biology and Fertility of Soils 42: 350–357.
Cavender ND, Atiyeh RM, Knee M (2003) Vermicompost stimulates mycorrhizal colonization of roots of Sorghum bicolor at the expense of plant growth. Pedobiologia 47: 85–89.
Chepil WS (1962) A compact rotary sieve and the importance of dry sieving in physical soil analysis. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 26: 4–6.
Çağlar KÖ (1949) Toprak bilgisi. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları, Sayı: 10, s. 230.
Çakmakçı R, Dönmez MF, Erdoğan Ü (2007) The effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on barley seedling growth, nutrient uptake, some soil properties, and bacterial counts. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 31(3): 189–199.
Demiralay İ (1993) Toprak fiziksel analizleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları, No: 143, s. 90–95, Erzurum.
Ganesh P, Tharmaraj K, Kolanjinathan K, Selvi SS, Suresh KR, Chinna DS (2011) Effect of organic manures and biofertilizers on physical, biological properties and growth of rice (ADT 43) by field application studies (SRI). International Journal of Current Life Science 1(1): 11–15.
Garcia–Cruz A, Flores–Roman D, Garcia–Calderon NE, Velazquez–Rodriguez AS (2007) Tepetate habilitation by effect of biological improvers. Agrociencia 41(7): 723–731.
Gouzou L, Burtin G, Philippy R, Bartoli F, Heulin T (1993) Effect of inoculation with Bacillus polymyxa on soil aggregation in the wheat rhizosphere: preliminary examination. Geoderma 56(1–4): 479–491.
Graf F, Frei M (2013) Soil aggregate stability related to soil density, root length, and mycorrhiza using site–specific Alnus Incana and Melanogaster Variegatus s.l. Ecological Engineering 57: 314–323.
Halvorson JJ, Smith JL, Papendick RI (1997) Issues of scale for evaluating soil quality. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 52(1): 26–30.
Harris RF, Chesters G, Allen ON (1966) Dynamics of soil aggregation. Advances in Agronomy 18: 107–169.
Haynes RJ, Francis GS (1993) Changes in microbial biomass C, soil carbohydrate composition and aggregates stability induced by growth of selected crop and forage species under field conditions. Journal of Soil Science 44: 665–675.
Hontoria C, Velasquez R, Benito M, Almorox J, Moliner A (2009) Bradfordreactive soil proteins and aggregate stability under abandoned versus tilled olive groves in a semi–arid calcisol. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 41: 1583–1585.
Jackson ML (1967) Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, p. 498.
Kacar B (1995) Bitki ve toprağın kimyasal analizleri III. Toprak Analizleri, Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Eğitim, Araştırma ve Geliştirme Vakfı Yayınları, No: 3, s. 255.
Kaci Y, Heyraud A, Barakat M, Heulin T (2005) Isolation and identification of an EPS–producing Rhizobium strain from arid soil (Algeria): characterization of its EPS and the effect of inoculation on wheat rhizosphere soil structure. Research in Microbiology 156: 522–531.
Kemper WD, Rosenau RC (1986) Aggregate stability and size ditribution. In: Klute A (Editor), Methods of soil analysis: Part I–Physical and Mineralogical Methods (2nd edition).American Society of Agronomy, Agronomy Monograph No: 9, pp. 425–442, Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Khotabaei M, Emami H, Astaraei AR, Fotovat A (2013). Improving soil physical indicators by soil amendment to a saline–sodic soil. Desert 18: 73–78.
Kohler J, Caravaca F, Roldan A (2010) An AM fungus and A PGPR intensify the adverse effects of salinity on the stability of rhizosphere soil aggregates of Lactuca sativa. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 42: 429–434.
Leifheit EF, Veresoglou SD, Lehmann A, Morris EK, Rilling MC (2014) Multiple factors influence the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil aggregation-a meta–analysis. Plant and Soil 374(1–2): 523–537.
Lopez BR, Bashan Y, Trejo A, de–Bashan LE (2013) Amendment of degraded desert soil with wastewater debris containing immobilized Chlorella Sorokiniana and Azospirillum Brasilense significantly modifies soil bacterial community structure, diversity, and richness. Biology and Fertility of Soils 49: 1053–1063.
Marathe KV, Chaudhari PR (1975) An example of algae as pioneers in the lithosphere and their role in rock corrosion. Journal of Ecology 63: 65–70.
Minitab Inc. (1995) Minitab Reference Manual (Release 7.1). Minitab Inc., Pennsylvania State College. 16801, USA.
Nelson DW, Sommer, LE (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, AL., Miller, RH and Keeney DR (Editors), Methods of soil analysis. 2nd Ed. ASA Monogr. 9(2). Amer. Soc. Agron.,pp. 539–579, Madison, WI.
Ngo PT, Rumpel C, Dignac MF, Billou D, Duc TT, Jouquet P (2011) Transformation of buffalo manure by composting or vermicomposting to rehabilitate degraded tropical soils. Ecological Engineering 37: 269–276.
Nielsen MN, Winding A (2002) Microorganisms as indicators of soil health. National Environmental Research Institute, Technical Report No: 388, Denmark.
Olsen SR, Sommers LE (1982) Phosphorus soluble in sodium bicarbonate. In: Page, AL., Miller, RH and Keeney DR (Editors), Methods of soil analysis. 2nd Ed. Amer. Soc. Agron.,ASA Monogr. 9(2), pp. 403–430, Madison, WI.
Peng S, Guo T, Liu G (2013) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal networks on soil aggregations of purple soil in southwest china. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 57: 411–417.
Piotrowski JS, Denich T, Klironomos JN, Graham JM, Rillig MC (2004) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas on soil aggregation depend on the interaction between plant and fungal species. New Phytologist 164: 365–373.
Ram H, Krishna R, Naidu MVS (1994) Effect of Azolla on soil properties and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 42: 385–387.
Rillig MC, Mummey DL (2006) Mycorrhizas and soil structure. New Phytologist 171: 41–53.
Sandhya V, Ali SKZ, Grover M, Reddy G, Venkateswarlu B (2010) Effect of plant growth promoting pseudomonas spp. on compatible solutes, antioxidant status and plant growth of maize under drought stress. Plant Growth Regulation 62: 21–30.
Siddiky MRK, Schaller J, Caruso T, Rillig MC (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and collembola non–additively increase soil aggregation. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 47: 93–99.
Singh JS, Pandey VC, Singh DP (2011) Efficient soil microorganisms: A new dimension for sustainable agriculture and environmental development. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 140 (3–4): 339–353.
Su YZ, Wang F, Suo DR, Zhang ZH, Du MW (2006) Long–term effect of fertilizer and manure application on soil-carbon sequestration and soil fertility under the wheat–wheat–maize cropping system in northwest china. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystem 75: 285–295.
Sylvia DM (1998) Mycorrhizal symbioses. In: Sylvia, D.M., Fuhrmann, J.J., Hartel, P.G. and Zuberer, D.A. (Editors), Principles and applications of soil microbiology, Prentice–Hall Inc. pp. 408–426, New York.
Tate RL (1987) Soil organic matter: biological and ecological effects. New York, USA, John Wiley & Sons pp. 291.
Tisdall J, Oades JM (1982) Organic matter and water–stable aggregates in soil. Journal of Soil Science 33: 141–163.
Trainor FR, Gladych R (1995) Survival of algae in a desiccated soil: A 35–Year study. Phycologia 34: 191–192.
Turchenek LW, Oades JM (1979) Fractionation of Organo–Mineral Complexes by Sedimentation and Density Techniques. Geoderma. 21: 311–343.
Vessey JK (2003) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil 255: 571–586.
Warnock DD, Lehmann J, Kuyper TW, Rillig MC (2007) Mycorrhizal responses to biochar in soil–concepts and mechanisms. Plant Soil 300: 9–20.
Wu QS, Xia RX, Zou YN (2008) Improved soil structure and citrus growth after inoculation with three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress. European Journal of Soil Biology 44: 122–128.
Yilmaz E, Alagöz Z (2005) Organik materyal uygulamasının toprağın agregat oluşum ve stabilitesi üzerine etkileri. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 18(1): 131–138.
Zhang H, Ding W, He X, Yu H, Fan J, Liu D (2014) Influence of 20–Year organic and inorganic fertilization on organic carbon accumulation and microbial community structure of aggregates in an intensively cultivated sandy loam soil. Plos One 9 (3): 1–11.