Avrupa Dış Eylem Servisi Kapsamında Avrupa Birliği’nin Diplomatik Dönüşümü

Yapısı ve işleyiş özellikleri itibariyle kendine özgü bir bütünleşme modeli olan Avrupa Birliği (AB)bir devlet olmamasına rağmen devlet egemenliğinin en önemli sembollerinden biri olan diplomasiyihem kullanmakta hem de kendine özgü bir yapıda geliştirmektedir. AB’nin uluslararası aktörlüğü ileyakından ilgili olan AB diplomasisi Maastricht Antlaşması ile yapısallaşmaya ve kurumsallaşmayabaşlamışsa da 1 Aralık 2009 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren ve AB’nin uluslararası aktörlüğünü güçlendirenLizbon Antlaşması’nın getirdiği yenilikler neticesinde yeni bir zemin kazanmıştır. Antlaşma ile AB’nindiplomatik birimi olarak kurulması kararlaştırılan Avrupa Dış Eylemler Servisi (ADES), AB’ninVestfalyan diplomasi olarak da adlandırılabilecek geleneksel diplomasiye bir meydan okumasıdır.Ancak, geçen altmış yılı aşkın zaman diliminde küresel gelişmelere uyum adına diplomasi anlayışındadeğişiklikler yapılmış olsa da ulusal diplomatik sistemler AB içindeki baskınlığını sürdürmektedir.Bu çalışmada AB’nin Lizbon Antlaşması ile oluşturulmaya çalışılan diplomatik sisteminin neölçüde geleneksel devlet merkezli diplomasiden ayrıldığı ve nasıl ulusal diplomasilerin hâlâ egemensistemler olarak varlıklarını devam ettirdiği tartışılacaktır. Çalışmanın amacı, ADES’in kurulduğugünden itibaren gösterdiği performansı değerlendirmek yerine yirmi birinci yüzyılda değişen küreseldiplomatik sistemin ışığında, AB diplomasisinin nasıl şekillendiğini ve AB’nin diplomatik aktörüolarak ADES’in diplomasi anlayışını ve yapısını ortaya koymaktır. Lizbon Antlaşması’nın yürürlüğegirişinin onuncu yıl dönümü olması sebebiyle konuya tekrar dikkat çekmekte ve AB’nin diplomatikgelişimini tartışmakta fayda olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Avrupa Birliği, Diplomasi, Avrupa Birliği Diplomasisi, Dış Eylemler Servisi, Dış Politika, Küresel Diplomasi

The Evolution of the European Union Diplomacy within the Framework of the European External Action Service

Although the European Union (EU), which is a unique model of integration in terms of its structureand operational characteristics, is not a state, it frequently fulfils sovereignty-based functions of thestates. Diplomacy as one of the most important symbols of state sovereignty is one of them. The EU notonly uses diplomacy but also develops it in a very unique structure as well. The EU diplomacy, which isclosely related to the international actorness of the EU, has begun to be structured and institutionalizedwith the Maastricht Treaty. However, with the innovations of the Treaty of Lisbon, which enteredinto force on 1 December 2009, the EU diplomacy has gained a new ground. The European ExternalService (EEAS), which was decided to be established by the Treaty of Lisbon as the EU’s diplomacyinstitution, is a challenge of the EU to the traditional state diplomacy which can also be called asWestphalian diplomacy. However, even though there have been modifications and transformations inthe EU diplomacy over the last sixty years to adapt it to the changing global diplomatic developments,national diplomatic systems continue to dominate the EU. This study will discuss to what extent theEU’s diplomatic system diverges from the traditional state-centred diplomacy and how the nationaldiplomacies can still remain as the dominant systems in the EU’s diplomatic framework. The aim ofthe study is not to evaluate the performance of the EEAS since its foundation. Rather, this study aims toreveal how the EU diplomacy has been shaped in the light of the changing global diplomatic system ofthe twenty-first century and to discuss the diplomatic structure and understanding of the EEAS as theEU’s diplomatic actor. Since it is the tenth anniversary of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, itis important to recallr the issue and re-evaluate the EU’s diplomatic evolution.

Keywords:

European Union, Diplomacy, European External Action Service, Foreign Policy, Global Diplomacy,

PDF

___

Akdemir, Erhan (2018) “Avrupa Birliği’nin Dış İlişkileri ve Politikası: Avrupa Birliği’nin Bütünleş(eme)mesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 17(2): 181-218. Ashton, Catherine (2011) “Statement by High Representative Catherine Ashton on Europe Day”, A 177/11, 07.05.2011, Brussels, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/ foraff/121895.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2019. Ashton, Catherine (2013) “Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton on EEAS Review”, A 314/13, 12.06.2013, Strasbourg, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/ EN/foraff/137458.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 11.01.2019 Bakan, Selahaddin ve Gökhan Tuncel (2012) “Küreselleşmenin Ulus Devlet Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Birey ve Toplum, 2(3): 51-65. Balfour, Rosa (2015) “Change and Continuity: A Decade of Evolution of EU Foreign Policy and the Creation of the European External Action Service”, Rosa Balfour, Caterina Carta ve Kristi Raik (der.) The European External Action Service and National Foreign Ministries – Convergence or Divergence?, Farnham, Asghate: 31-44. Balfour, Rosa ve Hanna Ojanen (2011) “Does the European External Action Service Represent a Model for the Challenges of Global Diplomacy?”, IAI Working Papers, 1117, Istituto Affari Internazionali, https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/does-european-external-action-service-represent-modelchallenges- global-diplomacy, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019. Balfour, Rosa, ve Kristi Raik (2013) “Equipping the European Union for the 21st century – National Diplomacies, the European External Action Service and the Making of EU Foreign Policy”, FIIA Report, 36, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs, https://www.fiia.fi/en/publication/ equipping-the-european-union-for-the-21st-century, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019. Balfour, Rosa, Caterina Carta ve Kristi Raik (2015) “Introduction”, Rosa Balfour, Caterina Carta ve Kristi Raik (der.) The European External Action Service and National Foreign Ministries – Convergence or Divergence?, Farnham: Asghate, 1–14. Bátora, Jozef (2005) “Does the European Union Transform the Institution of Diplomacy?”, Journal of European Public Policy, 12(1): 44-66. Bátora, Jozef (2013) “The ‘Mitrailleuse Effect’: The EEAS as an Interstitial Organization and the Dynamics of Innovation in Diplomacy”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(4): 598-613. Bátora, Jozef ve Brian Hocking (2008), “Bilateral Diplomacy in the European Union: Towards ‘Post-Modern’ Patterns?”, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, Clingendael – Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Nisan 2008, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/bilateral-diplomacy-europeanunion- towards-post-modern-patterns, Erişim Tarihi: 06.07.2018. Bátora, Jozef ve David Spence (2015) “Introduction: The EEAS as a Catalyst of Diplomatic Innovation”, David Spence and Jozef Bátora (der.), European External Action Service – European Diplomacy Post- Westphalia, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1-16. Berridge, Geoff R. (2010) Diplomacy – Theory and Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Boşilcă, Ruxandra Laura (2014) “The European Union – a ‘Sui Generis’ International Diplomatic Actor: Challenges Posed to the International Diplomatic Law”, Romanian Journal of European Affairs, 14(1): 22-33. Büyükbaş, Hakkı (2013) “Avrupa Dış İlişkiler Servisi”, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 25(13): 102-122. Büyüktanır, Derya (2010) “Dış İlişkiler Kapsamında Avrupa Birliği’nin Tüzel Kişiliği ve Lizbon Antlaşması”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 7(27): 87-110. Cherrier, Nickolas (2012) “EU Diplomacy at 27: United in Diversity?”, LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series, 48/2012, http://www.lse.ac.uk/europeanInstitute/LEQS%20Discussion%20Paper%20 Series/LEQSPaper48.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20.08.2019. Chopin, Thierry ve Maxime Lefebvre (2010) “Three Phone Numbers for Europe: Will the Lisbon Treaty Make the European Union More Effective Abroad?”, US – Europe Analysis Series, Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings, 43, 6 Ocak 2010, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/ uploads/2016/06/0106_european_union_chopin.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.05. 2019. Cooper, F. Andrew, Jorge Heine ve Ramesh Thakur (2013) “Introduction: The Challenges of 21st-Century Diplomacy”, Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine ve Ramesh Thakur (der.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1-22. Council of the European Union (2010) “Council Decision of 26 July 2010 Establishing the Organisation and Functioning of the European External Action Service”, 2010/427/EU, Official Journal of the Union, L201/30, 03.08.2010 , https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eeas_decision_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019. Cross, Mai’a K. Davis (2015) “The Public Diplomacy Role of the EEAS: Crafting a Resilient Image for Europe”, Jozef Bátora and David Spence (der.), European External Action Service – European Diplomacy Post- Westphalia, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 341-355 Duke, Simon W. (2002) “Preparing for European Diplomacy?” Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(5): 849-870. Duke, Simon W. (2013) “The European External Action Service and Public Diplomacy”, Mai’a K. Davis Cross ve Jan Melissen (der.), European Public Diplomacy: Soft Power at Work, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 113-135. Eckes, Christine ve Ramses Wessel (2018), “An International Perspective” Roberts Schütze ve Takis T. Tridimas (der.), Oxford Principles of European Union Law − Volume I: The European Union Legal Order, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 74-102. Efe, Haydar (2010) “Soğuk Savaş Döneminde Avrupa’da Ortak Dış Politika Oluşturma Çabaları”, Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(1): 37-62 European External Action Service (2011) “Report by the High Representative to the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission”, 22 Aralık 2011, http://www.eeas.europa.eu/images/top_ stories/2011_eeas_report_cor_+_formatting.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019. European External Action Service (2013), EEAS Review 2013, Temmuz 2013, http://eeas.europa.eu/library/ publications/2013/3/2013_eeas_review_en.pdf. European Parliament, Organisation and Functioning of the European External Action Service: Achievements, Challenges and Opportunities, Şubat 2013, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/ join/2013/457111/EXPO-AFET_ET(2013)457111_EN.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2019. Falk, Richard (2007) “What comes after Westphalia: The Democratic Challenge”, Widener Law Review, 13(2), 243-253. Fernández Pasarín, Ana Mar (2015) “Towards an EU Consular Policy”, Jozef Bátora and David Spence (der.) European External Action Service – European Diplomacy Post-Westphalia, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 356-369. Hadfield, Amelia ve Daniel Fiott (2013) “Europe and the Rest of the World”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(Annual Review), 168-182. Hamilton, Keith ve Richard Langhorne (2010) The Practice of Diplomacy: Its Evolution, Theory and Administration. London: Routledge. Hirst, Paul Q. ve Grahame Thompson (1996) Globalisation in Question: The International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance. Cambridge: Blackwell. Hocking, Brian (2012) “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the National Diplomatic System”, Pauline Kerr ve Geoffrey Wiseman (der.), Diplomacy in a Globalizing World: Theories and Practices, New York: Oxford University Press, 123-140. Hocking, Brian ve David Spence (2005) “Towards a European Diplomatic System”, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, Clingendael – Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Haziran 2005, https:// www.clingendael.org/publication/towards-european-diplomatic-system. Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2019. Hocking, Brian ve Michael Smith (2010) “An Emerging Diplomatic System for the EU? Frameworks and Issues”, paper presented at the UACES Annual/Research Conference, Bruges, Belgium, 6-8 Eylül 2010, https://www.uaces.org/archive/papers/abstract.php?paper_id=5, Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2018 Hocking, Brian, Jan Melissen, Shaun Riordan ve Paul Sharp (2012) “Futures for Diplomacy: Integrative Diplomacy in the 21st Century”, Clingendael Report, Clingendael – Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Ekim 2012, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/futures-diplomacyintegrative- diplomacy-21st-century, Erişim Tarihi: 02.08.2018. Kelley, John Robert (2010) “The New Diplomacy: Evolution of a Revolution”, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 21(2): 286-305. Keyman, Fuat E. (2006) “Küreselleşme, Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Hegemonya,” Uluslararası İlişkiler, 3(9): 1-20. Kissinger, Henry (1994) Diplomacy. New York: Simon & Schuster. Kleistra, Yvonne ve Niels van Willigen, “Evaluating the Impact of EU Diplomacy: Pitfalls and Challenges”, Joachim A. Koops, Gjovalin Macaj (der.), The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 52-68. Laursen, Finn (2012) “The European External Action Service (EEAS): The Idea and Its Implementation”, Finn Laursen (der.), The EU’s Lisbon Treaty: Institutional Choices and Implementation, Farnham: Ashgate, 171-202. Lefebvre, Maxime ve Christophe Hillion (2010) “The European External Action Service: towards a common diplomacy?”, European Policy Analysis, SIEPS – Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies, Haziran 2010, http://www.sieps.se/en/publications/2010/the-european-external-action-servicetowards- a-common-diplomacy-20106epa/, Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2019. Manheim, Jarol B. (1990) Strategic Public Diplomacy: The Evolution of Influence. New York: Oxford University Press. March, James G. ve Johan P. Olsen (1989) Rediscovering Institutions – The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York: The Free Press. Metzl, Jamie (2001) “Network Diplomacy”, Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 2(1): 77-87. Modelski, George (2005), “Küresel Politikanın Uzun Döngüsü ve Ulus – Devlet”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 2(7): 3 – 30. Mogherini, Federica (2015) “Foreword”, David Spence, Jozef Bátora (der.), The European External Action Service – European Diplomacy Post-Westphalia, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan: x-xi Neumann, Iver. B. (2008), “Globalisation and Diplomacy”, Andrew Cooper, Brian Hocking ve William Maley (der.) Global Governance and Diplomacy – World Apart?, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 15-28. Nicolson, Harold G. (1942) Diplomacy. London: Oxford University Press. Onesitini, Cesare (2015) “A Hybrid Service: Organising Efficient EU Foreign Policy”, Jozef Bátora and David Spence (der.), European External Action Service – European Diplomacy Post-Westphalia, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 65-86. Petrov, P., K. Pomorska ve S. M. R. L. Vanhoonacker (2012) “Introduction: The Emerging EU Diplomatic System: Opportunities and Challenges after ‘Lisbon”, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, 7(1): 1-9. Schmidt, Juliane (2014) “Between Irrelevance and Integration? New Challenges to Diplomacy in the 21st Century and the Role of the EEAS”, College of Europe – EU Diplomacy Papers, 08/2014, https://www. coleurope.eu/research-paper/between-irrelevance-and-integration-new-challenges-diplomacy- 21st-century-and-role, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019 Single European Act, 29 Haziran 1987 https://europa.eu/european-union/law/treaties_en, Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2019. Smith, Michael H. (2015) “The EU as a Diplomatic Actor in the Post-Lisbon era: Robust or Rootless Hybrid”, Joachim A. Koops ve Gjovalin Macaj (der.), The European Union as a Diplomatic Actor, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 11-30. Scholte, J. Aart (2008) “From Government to Governance: Transition to a New Diplomacy”, Andrew F. Cooper, Brian Hocking ve William Maley (der.), Global Governance and Diplomacy: Worlds Apart?, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 39-60. Spence, David (2004) “The European Commission’s External Service”, Public Policy and Administration, 19(3): 61–76. Szondi, Gyorgy (2008) “Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences”, Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, Clingendael – Nederland Institute of International Relations, Ekim 2008, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/public-diplomacy-and-nation-brandingconceptual- similarities-and-differences. Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019. Şahin, Yeliz (2013) “AB Diplomasisinin Yeni Yüzü – Avrupa Dış İlişkiler Servisi”, İKV Değerlendirme Notu, İktisadi Kalkınma Vakfı, İstanbul. Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, 2007/C 306/01, 13 December 2007, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/collection/eu-law/ treaties/treaties-force.html, Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2019. Treaty on European Union, 7 Şubat 1992, https://europa.eu/european-union/law/treaties_en, Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2019. Van Vooren, Bart (2011) “A legal-institutional perspective on the European External Action Service”, Common Market Law Review, 48(2): 475–502 Vanhoonacker, Sophie ve Simon Duke (2010), “Chairs’ Conclusions” Edith Drieskens ve Louise van Schaik (der.), The European External Action Service: Preparing for Success, The Hague, Clingendael: 5-6. Yılmaz, Eren Alper ve Ahmet Akbulut (2016) “Küreselleşme Sürecinde Ulus-Devletin Rolü – Ulus-Devletler Güçleniyor Mu?”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(16): 71-88. Watson, Adam (1982) Diplomacy: The Dialogue between States, Abingdon, Routledge. White, Brian (2005) “Diplomacy”, John Baylis and Steve Smith (der.), The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 387-403. Whitman, Richard (2015) “Europe’s Changing Place in the World and Challenges to European Diplomacy”, Rosa Balfour, Caterina Carta ve Kristi Raik (der.) The European External Action Service and National Foreign Ministries – Convergence or Divergence?, Farnham: Asghate: 17-30.