21. YÜZYILDA (EVRENSEL) TEMEL GELİR TARTIŞMALARI

Temel gelir aslında 21. yüzyıla ait bir kavram olmasa da bu yüzyılda adı daha sık duyulmakta ve uygulanmasına ilişkin çabalarla daha yoğun bir şekilde karşılaşılmaktadır. Pek çok ülkenin seçilen pilot bölgelerde temel geliri uygulamaya ve sonuçlarını değerlendirmeye çalıştığı görülmektedir. Öncelikle cevaplanması gereken nokta, temel gelirin uygulanması yönündeki bu isteğin arkasında hangi saiklerin yer aldığıdır. Modern refah devletleri, 21. yüzyıla ait problemlerin çözümünde etkinsiz kalması ve yetersiz çözüm önerileri sunması nedeniyle, temel gelire yönelik uygulamaları hem kendi varlığını hem de meşruiyetini sağlamanın bir yolu olarak kullanabilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, kapitalizmin her zaman içerisine düştüğü krizlerden çıkış için tercih edilen bir araç olarak da görülmesi mümkündür. Küresel pandeminin etkilerinin azaltılmasında evrensel temel gelirin bir politika aracı olarak kullanılmasına yönelik taleplerle karşılaşırken, çalışmada temel gelirin özellikleri, sağlayacağı avantajlar ve taşıdığı dezavantajlar üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Evrensel temel gelir, Refah Devleti, Kapitalizm

PDF

___

BARDHAN, P. (2016). Could a Basic Income Help Poor Countries?, Project Syndicate, 22 June 2016, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/developing-country-basic-income-by-pranab-bardhan-2016-06, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2019).
BEHRENDT, C., Nguyen, Q.A. (2018). Innovative Approaches for Ensuring Universal Social Protection for the Future of Work. ILO Future Of Work Research Paper Series, ILO-Geneva, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—-dgreports/—-cabinet/documents/publication/wcms_629864.pdf.
BEKEN, H.G. (2013). Karşılaştırmalı Refah Devleti Analizi-Küreselleşme, İşgücü Piyasaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelinde-. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
BIEN (Basic Income Earth Network), About Basic Income, https://basicincome.org/basic-income/, (Erişim tarihi:11.02.2018).
BONCIU, F. (2018). “Possible Implications of Universal Basic Income and Universal Basic Assets on Economic Growth and Development,” Global Economic Observer, Nicolae Titulescu University of Bucharest, Faculty of Economic Sciences;Institute for World Economy of the Romanian Academy, vol. 6(1):88-93.
CAUSA, O., Filgueira, F., Fleurbaey, M., Grimalda, G., Martin, N., Boarini, R. (2018). Social Cohesion, Global Governance and the Future of Politics: Rethinking the Welfare State in the Global Economy. CIPPEC.
COELHO, A. (2019), Canada: Green Party is More Inclined to Creating Jobs Rather than Financing a Basic Income, 13 Ekim 2019, https://basicincome.org/news/2019/10/canada-green-party-is-more-inclinedto-creating-jobs-rather-than-financing-a-basic-income/, (Erişim 20.10.2019).
COLOMBINO, U. (2015). Is Unconditional Basic Income a Viable Alternative to Other Social Welfare Measures?,IZA World of Labour, 2015(128): 1-10.
CONNELLY, C. (2017). Why a Universal Basic Income is a Poor Substitute for a Guaranteed Job. ABC News, 19 January 2017, https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-19/universal-basic-income-vs-job-guarantee/8187688, (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2018).
COOTE, A., Yazıcı, E. (2019). Universal Basic Income: A Union Perspective Full Report, April 2019, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, New Economics Foundation, Public Services International.
DERVİŞ, K. (2017). Getting Basic Income Right. Project Syndicate, (21 Mart 2017), https://www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/universal-basic-income-france-social-account-by-kemal-dervis-2017-03, (Erişim tarihi:10.03.2018).
EICHHORST, W., Rinne, U. (2017). Digital Challenges for the Welfare State. IZA Policy Paper Series, No. 134, (1-13).
EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY (ESS), (2016). ESS Round 8 Source Questionnaire. London: ESS ERIC Headquarters c/o City University London.
FITZGERALD, R. (2017). Survey Reveals Young People More Likely To Support Universal Basic İncome, But It’s Not a Left-Right Thing. (November 17, 2017), The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/survey-reveals-young-people-more-likely-to-support-universal-basic-income-but-its-not-a-left-rightthing-87554, (Erişim tarihi: 11.03.2018)
GROOT, L.F.M. (1997). An Alternative Route to a Basic Income: The Transition from Conditional to Unconditional Social Security, De Economist, 145(2): 203-227.
HALPER, D. (2013). Report: U.S. Spent $3.7 Trillion on Welfare Over Last 5 Years, 23 Ekim 2013, http://www.weeklystandard.com/report-u.s.-spent-3.7-trillion-on-welfare-over-last-5-years/article/764582, (Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2019).
HARVEY, P. (2004). The Right to Work and Basic Income Guarantees: Competing or Complementary Goals?, http://www.basicincome.org/bien/pdf/2004Harvey.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:10.03.2019).
HORSTMEYER, D. (2017). How Basic Income Ends the Poverty Trap, 16 Şubat 2017, https://basicincome.org/news/2017/02/basic-income-ends-poverty-trap/, (Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2020).
ILO (2013). Global Wage Report 2012/2013: Wages and Equitable Growth, Geneva.
ILO (2016). Global Wage Report 2016/2017: Wage Inequality in the Workplace. Geneva.
ILO (2017). World Social Protection Report: Universal social protection to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals 2017-19, Geneva.
ILO (2019). Work for a Brighter Future. Global Commission On The Future Of Work. Geneva.
IMF (2017). Fiscal Monitor: Tackling Inequality. Washington, October.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ITUC), (2018). Universal Basic Income. ITUC Economic and Social Policy Brief.
KRUGMAN, P. (2019), ‘I’m not a UBI Guy’: Paul Krugman Says Money Could be Better Spent on More Targeted Programs, 23 Nisan 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/23/paul-krugman-on-universal-basicincome-im-not-a-ubi-guy.html, (video), (Erişim tarihi: 12.11.2019).
LEVI‐FAUR, D. (2014). The Welfare State: A Regulatory Perspective. Public Administration, 92: 599-614. doi:10.1111/padm.12063
MACQUEEN, R. (2020). UK workers Hit by the Economic Pain of Coronavirus Need an Income Guarantee, 7 Nisan 2020,The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/apr/07/uk-workerseconomic-coronavirus-guarantee-universal-basic-income, (Erişim tarihi:11.05.2020).
MANYIKA, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., Marrs, A. (2013) Advances that Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy, (MayIS 2013), McKinsey Global Institute, http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/disruptive-technologies, (Erişim tarihi: 21.08.2017).
MATTHEWMAN, S. ve HUPPATZ, K. (2020). A Sociology of Covid-19, Journal of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1177/144.078.3320939416.
McARDLE, M. (2016). Universal Basic Income Is Ahead of Its Time (to Say the Least). Bloomberg Opinion, 6 Haziran 2016, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2016-06-06/universal-basic-income-isahead-of-its-time-to-say-the-least, (Erişim tarihi 14.08.2019).
MOKKA, R. (2017). Basic Income and the New Universalism. 10 Şubat 2017, https://medium.com/basicincome/basic-income-and-the-new-universalism-a934d1a81714, (Erişim tarihi:8.07.2019).
MURRAY, C. (2016). A Guaranteed Income for Every American. The Wall Street Journal, 3 Haziran 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-guaranteed-income-for-every-american-146.496.9586, (Erişim tarihi:12.08.2019).
OHCHR (2017). Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, 22 Mart 2017, A/HRC/35/26. https://www.refworld.org/docid/593a8e784.html,(Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2019).
ORTIZ, I., Behrendt, C., Acuña-Ulate, A., Nguyen, Q. A. (2018). Universal Basic Income Proposals in Light of ILO Standards: Key Issues and Global Costing. ESS ─ Working Paper No. 62.
OXFORD ECONOMICS (2017). The A.I. Paradox How Robots Will Make Work More Human. December 2017.
OXFORD ECONOMICS (2019). How Robots Change the World: What Automation Really Means for Jobs and Productivity, June 2019.
PAINTER, A., Thoung, C. (2015). Creative Citizen, Creative State: The Principled and Pragmatic Case for a Universal Basic Income, RSA.
PALLEY, T. (2018). Job Guarantee Programs: Careful What You Wish For, (14 Eylül 2018), https://www.socialeurope.eu/job-guarantee-programs-careful-what-you-wish-for, (Erişim tarihi:11.06.2019).
PERKIÖ, J. (2014). Universal Basic Income: A New Tool For Development Policy? https://www.kvsolid.fi/wpcontent/uploads/2014/01/Universal-Basic-Income-A-New-Tool-for-Development-Policy.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:04.11.2020).
PIACHAUD, D. (2016). Citizen’s Income: Rights and WrongsCentre for the Analysis of Social Exclusion, Working Paper:200, CASE.
POPULUS (2018). Univeral Basic Income Survey Online Fieldwork: 27th-29th July 2018, https://www.populus.co.uk/poll/universal-basic-income-survey/, (Erişim tarihi:08.02.2019).
PORTES, J. (2017). Discussion Paper. (ed) Jonathan Portes, J., Reed, H., Percy, A. Social Prosperity for the Future: A Proposal for Universal Basic Services içinde (17-27).Social Prosperity Network Report.
PRABHAKAR, R. (2020). Universal Basic Income and Covid‐19. IPPR Progressive Review, 27(1), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1111/newe.12198.
REEVES, R. V. Time to Take Basic Income Seriously, Brookings, 23 Şubat 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/time-to-take-basic-income-seriously/, (Erişim tarihi:9.10.2019).
REICH, R. (2016). Why We’ll Need a Universal Basic Income, 29 Eylül 2016, https://robertreich.org/post/151.111.696805, (Erişim tarihi:11.08.2019).
SADOWSKI, J. (2016). Why Silicon Valley is Embracing Universal Basic Income. 22 Haziran 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/22/silicon-valley-universal-basic-income-y-combinator, (Erişim tarihi:18.09.2019).
SANDMO, A. (1995). The Welfare Economics of the Welfare State. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 97(4), 469-476.
SANTENS, S. (2017). Why We Should all Have a Basic Income, 15 Ocak 2017, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/01/why-we-should-all-have-a-basic-income/, (Erişim tarihi: 12.05.2019)
SHAIKH, A. (2003), Who Pays for the “Welfare” in the Welfare State? A Multicountry Study. Social Research, 70 (2): 531-550, (Summer 2003).
SHORTHOUSE, R. (2016). Even We Conservatives Know That Welfare is in Trouble, But Universal Basic Income isn’t the Answer, 2 Haziran 2016, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/even-we-conservatives-knowthat-welfare-is-in-trouble-but-universal-basic-income-isn-t-the-answer-a7061126.html, (Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2019).
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION (SSA). Fact Sheet: Social Security, https://www.ssa.gov/news/press/factsheets/basicfact-alt.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:21.08.2019).
STANDING, G. (2002). About Time:Basic Income Security as a Right. 9th International Congress.
STANDING, G. (2004). Income Security: Why Unions Should Campaign for a Basic Income, Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research , 10(4):606-619.
STANDING, G. (2017). Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen, Pelican Books.
STRAUBBAR, T. (2018). Universal Basic Income-New Answer to New Questions for The German Welfare State in the 21st Century. CESifo Forum, 19(3):3-9, September 3/2018.
TANNER, M. (2012). The American Welfare State How We Spend Nearly $1 Trillion a Year Fighting Poverty—and Fail, Policy Analysis, No:694, 11 April 2012.
THE CANADIAN PRESS, (2019). Green Party Proposes A ‘Robot Tax’ When Companies Replace Workers With Machines, 29 Eylül 2019, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/green-party-robot-tax-platform-1.5302236, (Erişim tarihi 12.10.2019)
TONAK, A. (2010). Vatandaşlık Geliri Sol Bir Talep Mi?, 6 Haziran 2010, http://www.radikal.com.tr/radikal2/vatandaslik-geliri-sol-bir-talep-mi-1001214/, (Erişim tarihi:12.06.2019)
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION of HUMAN RIGHTS, (UDHR). https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi:11.12.2019).
UNRISD (2010). Combating Poverty and Inequality: Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics. UNRISD, Geneva.
VAN PARIJS, P. (2000). A Basic Income for All. October/ November 2000 issue of Boston Review, https://bostonreview.net/archives/BR25.5/vanparijs.html, (Erişim tarihi: 10.08.2018).
VAN PARIJS, P. (2004). Basic Income: A Simple and Powerful Idea for the Twenty-First Century, Politics and Society, 32(1): 7-39.
VAROUFAKIS, Y. (2016). The Universal Right to Capital Income, 3 Kasım 2016, https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/grd74lcGYaICMhp0shsSBI/The-universal-right-to-capital-income.html, livemint.com, (Erişim tarihi: 12.07.2019).
WIGNAJARA, K. (2020). The Case for a Universal Basic Income. UNDP Blog, 10 Temmuz 2020, https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/blog/2020/the-case-for-a-universal-basic-income.html, (erişim 12.07.2020).
Y COMBINATOR, Moving Forward on Basic Income, 31 Mayıs 2016, https://blog.ycombinator.com/movingforward-on-basic-income/, Erişim tarihi:11.07.2018).
Y COMBINATOR, Basic Income, 27 Ocak 2016, https://ycombinator.wpengine.com/basic-income/, (Erişim tarihi:11.07.2018).
YELDAN, E. (2010), Erinç Yeldan: Ekonomi tıkırında mı?, 3 Mayıs 2010, Radikal Gazetesi, (Engin Duran’ın Erinç Yeldan ile yaptığı röportaj), http://sendika63.org/2010/05/erinc-yeldan-ekonomi-tikirinda-mi-42981/, (Erişim tarihi:8.9.2019).
ZHENG, Y., Guerriero, M., Lopez, E. V., Haverman, P. (2017). Universal Basic Income: A Working Paper. A Policy Option for China beyond 2020? UNDP China Office.