Ekonomik Suçlar, Gelir ve İşsizliğin Mekânsal İlişkisi: 2014 Türkiye İncelemesi

Suç, kanun koyucu tarafından topluma zararlı kabul edilen eylem ve davranışlardır. Suçu ortaya çıkaran psikolojik, sosyolojik, ekonomik vb. faktörlerin yanında, mekânsal faktörler de önem arz etmektedir. Coğrafyanın temel yasası gereği, her şey başka her şeyle alakalıdır. Ancak yakın şeyler, uzak şeylere göre daha fazla ilişkilidir. Buradan hareketle, bu çalışmada kişi başına gelir ve işsizlik oranları ile ekonomik suçlar arasındaki mekânsal etkileşimler, açıklayıcı mekânsal veri analizi yardımıyla (ESDA, Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis) incelenmektedir. Sonuçlar, kaçakçılık suçu ile Gaziantep, Hakkâri ve Iğdır illeri için anlamlı mekânsal ilişkileri işaret etmektedir.

The Spatial Interactions between Economic Crimes, per capita Income and Unemployment: 2014 Turkey Case

Crimes are actions and behaviors deemed harmful to society by the legislator. Beside the psychological, sociological, economic factors that reveal the crime also spatial factors are important. According to the basic law of geography, everything is related to everything else. But close things are more related than distant things. Thus, this study examines the spatial interactions between per capita income and unemployment rates and economic crimes via the Explanatory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA). The results indicate significant spatial relationships in respect to the crime of smuggling for Gaziantep, Hakkâri and Iğdır provinces.

___

  • Anselin, Luc and Sheri Hudak (1992), “Spatial Data Analysis with GIS: An Introduction to Application in the Social Sciences”, University of California National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Technical Report 92-10
  • Andersen, Martin A. (2015), “Predicting Local Crime Clusters Using (Multinomial) Logistic Regression”, Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, Volume 17, Number, 249-262
  • Anselin, Luc, (2005), “Interactive Techniques and Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis”, Editors: Paul A. Longley, Michael. F. Goodchild, David. J. Maguire and David. W. Rhind içinde, Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications, 2nd. Ed. New York: Wiley.
  • Aral, Neşe ve Mustafa Aytaç (2018), “Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Mekânsal Analizi”, Marmara Üniversitesi Öneri Dergisi, Cilt 13, Sayı 49, 1-20 DO1: 10.14783/maruoneri.vi.364680
  • Ata, Ahmet Yılmaz (2011), “Ücretler, İşsizlik ve Suç Arasındaki İlişki: Yatay Kesit Analizi”, Çalışma ve Toplum, Cilt 4(31).
  • Aydın, Süleyman (2006), “Tüm Yönleriyle Rüşvet”, Yolsuzluk, Nedenleri, Etkileri, Çözüm Yolları, Editör Süleyman Aydın, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara. 487-533
  • Aydın, Süleyman ve Yakup Yılmazer (2007). Yolsuzluk ve Mali Suçlar, Adalet Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Baharom, Anisah and Muzafar Shah, Habibullah (2008), “Is Crime Conitegrated with Income and Unemployment? A Panel Data Analysis on Selected European Countries”, MPRA Papers, 11927.
  • Becker, Gary, Stanley (1968), “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach" Journal of Political Economy, 76 (2), 169-217.
  • Breau, Sébastien, Michael Shin and Nick Burkhart (2018), "Pulling apart: New Perspectives on the Spatial Dimensions of Neighbourhood Income Disparities in Canadian Cities," Journal of Geographical Systems, Springer, vol. 20(1), 1-25.
  • Britt, Chester, L. (1994), “Crime and Unemployment Among Youths in The United States, 1958 – 1990: A Time Series Analysis”, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 53, No.1, 99-109
  • Beşe, Ertan (2006). Beyaz Yaka Suçları: Kavramsal ve Kriminolojik Yaklaşım, Yolsuzluk, Nedenleri, Etkileri, Çözüm Yolları, Editör: Süleyman Aydın, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara. 469-484
  • Brosnan, Stephen (2018), “The Socioeconomic Determinants of Crime in Ireland from 2003-2012”, The Economic and Social Review, Vol. 49, No. 2, 127-143
  • Buannano, Paolo (2003), “The Socioeconomic Determinants of Crime. A Review of the Literature”, University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Economics Working Paper Series, 63.
  • Burdett, Kenneth, Ricardo Lagos and Randall Wright (2004), “An On-the-Job Search Model of Crime, Inequality, and Unemployment,” International Economic Review, Vol.45, 677–702.
  • Carmichael, Fiona and Robert Ward (2001), “Male Unemployment and Crime in England and Wales”, Economic Letters, 73, 111-115
  • Cantor, David and Land, Kenneth C. (1985), “Unemployment and Crime Rates in the Post-World War II United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis” American Sociological Review, 50(3), 317. doi:10.2307/2095542
  • Cerro, Ana María and Osvaldo Meloni, (2000), "Determinants of the crime rate in Argentina during the '90s," Estudios de Economia, Vol. 27, 297-311
  • Chalfin, Aaron and Justin McCrary (2017), “Criminal Deterrence A Review of the Literature”, Journal of Economic Literature, 55 (1), 5-48
  • Chiricos, Theodor, G. (1987), “Rates of Crime and Unemployment: An Analysis of Aggregate Research Evidence”, Social Problems,Vol. 34, No.2, 187-212
  • Cornwell, Christopher and William N. Trumbull (1994), “Estimating the Economic Model of Crime with Panel Data”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 76, No. 2, 360-366
  • Correa-Quezada R, García-Vélez DF, Del Río-Rama MC, Álvarez-García J. Poverty Traps in the Municipalities of Ecuador: Empirical Evidence. Sustainability. 2018; 10(11):4316.
  • Cracolici, Maria Francesca and Teodora Erika, Uberti (2008), “Geographical distribution of crime in Italian provinces: A spatial econometric analysis”, FEEM Working Paper No. 11.2008 http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1105082
  • Croall, Hazel (2001), “Understanding White Collar Crime”, Crime and Justice, Series Editor Mike Maguire, Open University Press, 2001.
  • Çelebioğlu, Fatih and Sandy Dall’Erba (2010), Spatial Disparities Across The Regions of Turkey: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, The Annals of Regional Science, volume 45, 379–400. DOI: 10.1007/s00168-009-0313-8
  • Dall’Erba, Sandy (2003), Distribution of Regional Income and Regional Funds in Europe 1989–1999: An Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis. MPRA Paper No. 1378.
  • Dahlberg, Matz and Magnus, Gustavsson. (2008), “Inequality and Crime: Separating the Effects of Permanent and Transitory Income”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 70(2), 129-153
  • De Almeida, Eduardo Simões, Eduardo Amaral Haddad and Geoffrey John Dennis Hewings (2003), “The Spatial Pattern of Crime in Minas Gerais: An Exploratory Analysis”, The University of Sao-Paolo Regional and Urban Economics Lab TD Nereus, 22-2003.
  • Hai-li, W., Tian-feng, Y., Xiao-dong, H., & Xiao-bin, Q. (2014), Analysis of Regional Economic Disparities in Guizhou Province Based on ESDA-GIS. SHS Web of Conferences, ICMETM 2014 International Conference on Modern Economic Technology and Management Volume 7.
  • Dolu, Osman (2009), “Rasyonel Bir Tercih Olarak Suç: Klasik Okul Düşüncelerinin Suçu Açıklama ve Önleme Kapasitesinin Değerlendirilmesi”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 11 (4), 89-120
  • Dursun, Hasan (2005), “Ekonomik Suçlar ve Türkiye’deki Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmaya Etkileri”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sayı 58.
  • Edmark, Karin (2005), “Unemployment and Crime: Is There a Connection?”, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 100(2), pp.353-373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9442.2005.00412.x Ehrlich, Isaac (1973), “Paticipation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation”, The Journal of Political Economy, 81(3), 521-565
  • Emsley, Clive (2005), Crime and Society in England 1750 – 1900. Pearson, Great Britain.
  • Entorf, Horst and Hannes Spengler (2000), “Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors of Crime in Germany”, International Review of Law and Economics, Vol. 20, 75-106 Fagan, Jeffrey and Richard B. Freeman (1999), “Crime and Work”, Crime and Justice, Vol. 25, 225-290.
  • Fleisher, Belton M. (1966), The Effects of Income on Delinquency”, American Economic Review, 56 (1/2), 118-137
  • Freeman, Richard, B. (1982), “Crime and The Labour Market”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No.1031.
  • Grogger, Jeff (1998), “Market Wages and Youth Crime”, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 756-791
  • Hargaden, Enda Patrick (2016), “Crime and Unemployment in Ireland, 2003-2016”, Online: http://www.hargaden.com/enda/hargaden_crime.pdf (ulaşım tarihi 09/05/2020)
  • Hekim, Hakan ve Zakir Gül (2011), “Suç Ve Suçla Mücadelenin Ekonomik Analizi”, Polis Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt:13 (2), 123-146
  • Hojman, David E. (2002), “Explaining Crime in Buenos Aires: The Roles of Inequality, Unemployment, and Structural Change”, Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol.21 No.1, 121-128
  • İlbiz, Ethem (2006), “Avrupa Birliğinde Dolandırıcılık ve Yolsuzluk”, Yolsuzluk, Nedenleri, Etkileri, Çözüm Yolları, Editör Süleyman Aydın, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 273-291
  • İmrohoroğlu, Ayse, Antonio Merlo, and Peter Rupert (2006). “Understanding the Determinants of Crime”, Journal of Economics and Finance,Volume 30, 270–284
  • Kahya, Yavuz, (2016), “Suç Teorileri Işığında Türkiye’de Kaçakçılık Olgusu: Toplumsal Nedenleri, Boyutları ve Algısı”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt:15, Sayı:3, 159-178
  • Karakaş, Erdal (2005), “Uygulamalı Coğrafyada Suç Haritaları I: Veri Kaynakları”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 15, Sayı: 1, 57-69.
  • Kızmaz, Zahir (2003), “Ekonomik Yapı ve Suç: Bazı Araştırma Bulguları Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme”, Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt: 13, Sayı: 2, 279-304 Kishtainy, Niall (2018), Ekonominin Kısa Tarihi. Alfa Basın Yayın Dağıtım, İstanbul.
  • Levitt, Steven D. (2001), “Alternative Strategies for Identifying the Link Between Unemployment and Crime”, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, Vol. 17, No. 4, 377-390
  • Lian, J., Gong, H., Li, X., Sun, Y., Zhao, W., & Zhu, L. (2009), The Analysis of Economic Spatial Characteristics of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region Based On GIS. 2009 17th International Conference on Geoinformatics, 1-5.
  • Lochner, Lance, C. (2004), “Education, Work and Crime: A Human Capital Approach,” International Economic Review, Vol. 45, 811–843.
  • Machin , Stephen and Costas Meghir (2004), “Crime and Economic Incentives”, The Institute for Fiscal Studies, Wp 00/17. Messner, S.F., Anselin, L., Baller, R.D. (1999), “The Spatial Patterning of County Homicide Rates: An Application of Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis”, Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15, 423–450 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007544208712
  • Murray Alan, T., Ingrid McGuffog, John S. Western and Patrick Mullins (2001), “Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis Techniques for Examining Urban Crime”, British Journal of Criminology, March 41, 309–329 DOI: 10.1093/bjc/41.2.309
  • Özcan, Süleyman, E. ve Feride Özge Sevim (2018), “Türkiye’de Suç Ekonomisinin Mekânsal Dağılımı”, International Congress on Turkish Geography Social Sciences Research III, September 03-05, Almaty, Kazakhistan.
  • Pyle, David, J. (1983), The Economics of Crime and Law Enforcement. McMillian Press, London.
  • Raphael, Steven and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2001). “Identifying The Effect of Unemployment on Crime”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol 44(1), 259-283
  • Reilly, Brian, and Robert Witt (1996), "Crime, Deterrence, and Unemployment in England and Wales: An Empirical Analysis" Bulletin of Economic Research, 48(2), 137-59 Schmidt, Peter and Witte, Ann. D. (1984), An Economic Analysis of Crime and Justice Theory, Methods and Applications. Orlando: Academic Press.
  • Silveira-Neto, Raul and Carlos Roberto Azzoni (2006), “Location and regional income disparity dynamics: The Brazilian case”, Papers in Regional Science, Volume 85 Number 4. DOI:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2006.00099.x
  • Şentürk, Fatih, ve Murat Kasap (2013), “Beyaz Yaka Suçları ve Finansal Yolsuzluklar”, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 3, Sayı 2. ss.143-167
  • Tekin, Nurullah (2014), “Resmi Belgede Sahtecilik Suçunda Bazı Özel Durumlar”, Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, Yıl 5, Sayı 19, 903-941
  • Temurçin, Kadir ve Mustafa Yakar (2013), “Türkiye Kırsalında Suçlar ve Suçların Türlerine Göre Dağılışı (1997)”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 6, Sayı 28. ss.403-431
  • Tobler, Waldo, R. (1970), “A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region”, Economic Geography, Vol. 46, 234-240
  • Tsushima, Masahiro (1996), “Economic Structure and Crime: The Case of Japan”, Journal of Socio-Economics, Vol. 25, No.4, 497-515.
  • Witt, Ann Dryden and Robert Witt (2000), “Crime Causation:Economic Theories”, Preprint, 2000-July-19, Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice.
  • Witte, Ann Dryden (1980), “Estimating the Economic Model of Crime with Individual Data” Quarterly Journal of Economics 94 (1), 57–84.
  • Zakaria, Syerrina and Nuzlinda, Abdul Rahman (2015), “Analyzing The Violent Crime Patterns In Peninsular Malaysia: Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) Approach”, Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 72:1, 131–136
  • Zakaria, Syerrina, Nuzlinda, Abdul Rahman and Nuredayu Zaini (2019), “Spatial Analysis on Distribution Patterns of Poverty Incidences in Peninsular Malaysia”, AIP Conference Proceedings 2184:1, 050027, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5136415