Transrektal ultrason eşliğinde prostat biyopsisi öncesi hasta hazırlığı

Transrektal ultrasonografi eşliğinde prostat biyopsisi TRUS biyopsi prostat kanseri teşhisinde altın standart yöntemdir. Bu işlem ürologlar arasında yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır, ama biyopsi tekniği konusunda doktorlar arasında hazırlık ve yöntem konusunda bir standart birliği yoktur. Rutin antibiyotik kullanımı ve barsak temizliği ve analjezi gibi hasta hazırlığı konusu henüz netleşmemiştir. Bu açıdan prostat biyopsisi kılavuzunun oluşturulması gereklidir. Bu çalışmada transrektal ultrasonografi eşliğinde prostat biyopsisi alınması öncesi kullanılan hasta hazırlığı yöntemleri literatürün kısa gözden geçirilmesi ile birlikte değerlendirilecektir.

Preparation of patients before transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy

Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy is the golden standard in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. This procedure has been widely used among urologists however, there is no established starndards for patient preparation and biopsy method. The issues such as routine antibiotic use and bowel cleansing and anesthetic agents are not clearly detemined. Thus, prostate biopsy guidelines would be necessary for these purposes. In this study patient preparation methods before TRUS biopsy are evaluated accompanied with a concise review of the literature.

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  • Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Steliarova Foucher E. Estimates of Brunet G. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate: relation between ASA use and bleeding complications. Can Assoc Radiol J 1999;50:173-176.
  • Rodriguez LV, Terris MK. Risks and complications of Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris KM, Stamey TA. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol. 1989; 142: 71-74.
  • Çam K, Özveri H, Çevik İ, Türkeri L, Akdaş A. Transrektal transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy: a prospective study and review of the literature. J Urol. ; 160: 2115-2120.
  • Ultrasonografi Eşliğinde Prostat Biyopsisinin Komplikasyonları. T Klin J Med Sci 2001, 21:282–284.
  • Bostwick DG, Meiers I. Prostate biopsy and optimization Meyer JP, Gillat DA, Lush R, Persad R.Managing the warfarinized urological patient. BJU Int. 2003 Sep; 92 (4): 354. of cancer yield. Eur Urol 2006;49:415–417.
  • Shandera KC, Thibault GP, Deshon GE Jr. Variability in Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ornstein DK. Prostate cancer patient preparation for prostate biopsy among American urologists. Urology 1998; 52:644-646. detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2,6 to 4,0 ng/ml and benign prostate examination.
  • Enhancement of spesificity with free PSA measurements. JAMA 1997; 277: 1452-1455.
  • Davis M, Sofer M, Kim SS, et al. The procedure of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate:a survey of patient preparation and biopsy technique. J Urol ; 167: 566-570. Scattoni V, Zlotta A, Montironi R, Schulman C, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Extended and saturation prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 1309–
  • Briffaux R, Coloby P, Bruyere F, et al. One preoperative dose randomized against 3-day antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. BJU Int. 2009; 103:1069-1073.
  • Jeon SS, Woo SH, Hyun JH, et al. Bisacodyl rectal Dirim A,Tekin Mİ. TRUS biyopsi hazırlığı nasıl yapılmalıdır? Üroonkoloji Bülteni Sayı Haziran 2010 Sayı 2, 21-24.
  • Lindert KA, Kabalin JN, Terris MK. Bacteremia and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Urology. ; 62:461-466. bacteriuria after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2000; 164:76-80.
  • Berger, AP., Gozzi, C.,Steiner, H., Frauscher, F., Varkarakis, J., Rogathsch, H., Bartsch, G.,Hoorninger, W., Comp- lication rate of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate Duplessis CA, Bavaro M, , Marguet C, , Auge B, Collard DA, Fierer J, Lesperance J. Rectal cultures before transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy reduce post-prostatic biopsy infection rates. Urology. 2012; 79 (3): 556-561.
  • Clements R, Aideyan OU, Griffiths GJ, Peeling WB. Side effects and patient acceptability of transrectal biopsy of the prostate. Clin Radiol. 1993;47:125–126.
  • Jeon SS, Woo SH, Hyun JH, et al. Bisacodyl rectal Collins GN, Lloyd SN, Hehir M, McKelvie GB. Multiple preparation can decrease infectious complications of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Urology. ; 62 (3): 461-466. transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsies-true morbidity and patient acceptance. Br J Urol. 1993; 71: – 463.
  • El-Hakim A, Moussa S. CUA guidelines on prostate biopsy methodology. Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(2):89-94.
  • Young JL, Liss MA, Szabo RJ. Sepsis due to Zisman A, Leibovici D, Kleinmann J, Siegel YI, Lindner A. The impact of prostate biopsy on patient well-being: a prospective study of pain, anxiety and erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2001; 165:445–454. fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy. Urology. ; 74 (2): 332-338.
  • Aus G, Hermansson CG, Hugosson J, Pedersen KV. Transrectal ultrasound examination of the prostate: complications and acceptance by patients. Br J Urol. ; 71: 457–459. case of sepsis with an antibiotic-resistant organism complicating a routine transrectal prostate biopsy in a health care worker. Can Urol Assoc J. 2008; 2(5): 543 –
  • Jones JS, Zippe CD. Rectal sensation test helps avoid pain of apical prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2003;170(6 Pt 1):2316
  • Gözüküçük R, Çakıroğlu B, Özaslan H. Prostat Biyopsisi Nash PA, Bruce JE, Indudhara R, et al. Transrectal Sonrası Gelişen Kinolon Dirençli Escherichia Coli Sepsisi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi Nisan 2011 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 36-39. ultrasound guided prostate nerve blockade eases systematic needle biopsy of the prostate. J Urol. 1996; :607-609.
  • Lindstedt S, Lindström U, Ljunggren E, Wullt B, Grabe M. Issa MM, Bux S, Chun T, Petros JA, Labadia AJ, Anastasia Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in core prostate biopsy: Impact of timing and identification of risk factors. Eur Urol. 2006; 50 (4): 832-837.
  • K, et al. A randomized prospective trial of intrarectal lidocaine for pain control during transrectal prostate biopsy: the Emory University experience. J Urol 2000; : 397-9.
  • Sumer Z, Coskunkan F, Vahaboglu H, et al: The resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from community- acquired urinary tract infections. Adv Ther. 2005; 22: 423.
  • Stirling BN, Shockley KF, Carothers GG, Maatman TJ. Comparison of local anesthesia techniques during transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies. Urology 2002; : 89- 92.
  • Goettsch W, Pelt WV, Nagelkerke N, Hendrix MG, Buiting AG, Petit PL et al. Increasing resistance to fl uoroquinolones in Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother. ; 46 (2): 223-228. Raber M, Scattoni V, Roscigno M, Dehò F, Briganti A, Salonia A, et al. Topical prilocaine-lidocaine cream combined with peripheral nerve block improves pain control in prostatic biopsy: results from a prospective randomized trial. Eur Urol. 2008;53(5):967-973.
  • Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB, Lee KD, Kim HB, Kim EC et al. Clinical epidemiology of ciprofl oxacin resistance and its relationship to broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter species. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:88-92.)
  • Cormio L, Lorusso F, Selvaggio O, Perrone A, Sanguedolce F, Pagliarulo V, et al. Noninfiltrative anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy: A randomized prospective study comparing lidocaine-prilocaine cream and lidocaine-ketorolac gel. Urol Oncol. doi: 10. 1016 / j. urolonc. 2010. 09. 004
  • Christopher WS Cheng. Intramuscular Gentamicin Improves the Effi cacy of Ciprofloxacin as an Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Transrectal Prostate Biopsy. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2009; 38: 212-216.)
  • Soloway MS, Obek C. Periprostatic local anesthesia before ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. Jan ;163 (1):172-173. Von Knobloch R, Weber J, Varga Z, Feiber H, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Bilateral fine needle administered local anaesthetic nerve block for pain control during TRUS- guided multi-core prostate biopsy: a prospective randomised trial. Eur Urol. 2002; 41(5): 508-514; discussion 514.
  • TRUS biyopsi sonuçlarını karşılaştırmış ve her iki tekniğin de biyopsiye bağlı rahatsızlık hissini azalttığını ancak ağrı gideril- mesi anlamında birbirlerine üstünlüklerinin olmadığını belir- tmişlerdir (43). Ağrı kontrolü için kullanılan intrarektal lido- kainin araştırmacılar tarafından hiçbir yararı olmadığı bildiril- miştir (44-45). biopsy: A comparison among 3 protocols with 6, 10 and cores. j.Urol. 2004; 171 (4): 1478-1481.
  • Paul, R, Schöler, S., Randenborgh, H., Alschibaja, M., Busch, R., Hartung, R., Morbidity of prostatic biopsy for different biopsy strategies: Is there a relation to core number and sampling region to core number and sampling region. European Urology 2004; 45. 450-456.
  • Spiess JL. Can I stop the warfarin? A review of the risks and benefits of discontinuing anticoagulation. J Palliat Med 2009; 12:83-87.
  • Ihezue CU, Smart J, Dewbury KC, et al. Biopsy of the prostate guided by transrectal ultrasound: relation between warfarin use and incidence of bleeding complications. Clin Radiol 2005;60:459-463.
  • Bu açıdan daha kapsamlı geniş serilerdeki veriler değer- lendirilerek komplikasyon ve ağrı oranlarını azaltacak bir transtrektal ultrason prostat biyopsi kılavuzunun oluşturul- ması gereklidir. armignani L, Picozzi S, Bozzini G, et al. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies in patients taking aspirin for cardiovascular disease:a meta-analysis. Transfus Apher Sci 2011;45:275-280.
  • Herget EJ, Saliken JC, Donnelly BJ, Gray RR, Wiseman D, KAYNAKLAR Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Steliarova Foucher E. Estimates of Brunet G. Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate: relation between ASA use and bleeding complications. Can Assoc Radiol J 1999;50:173-176.
  • Rodriguez LV, Terris MK. Risks and complications of Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris KM, Stamey TA. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol. 1989; 142: 71-74.
  • Çam K, Özveri H, Çevik İ, Türkeri L, Akdaş A. Transrektal transrectal ultrasound guided prostate needle biopsy: a prospective study and review of the literature. J Urol. ; 160: 2115-2120.
  • Ultrasonografi Eşliğinde Prostat Biyopsisinin Komplikasyonları. T Klin J Med Sci 2001, 21:282–284.
  • Bostwick DG, Meiers I. Prostate biopsy and optimization Meyer JP, Gillat DA, Lush R, Persad R.Managing the warfarinized urological patient. BJU Int. 2003 Sep; 92 (4): 354. of cancer yield. Eur Urol 2006;49:415–417.
  • Shandera KC, Thibault GP, Deshon GE Jr. Variability in Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ornstein DK. Prostate cancer patient preparation for prostate biopsy among American urologists. Urology 1998; 52:644-646. detection in men with serum PSA concentrations of 2,6 to 4,0 ng/ml and benign prostate examination.
  • Enhancement of spesificity with free PSA measurements. JAMA 1997; 277: 1452-1455.
  • Davis M, Sofer M, Kim SS, et al. The procedure of transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate:a survey of patient preparation and biopsy technique. J Urol ; 167: 566-570. Scattoni V, Zlotta A, Montironi R, Schulman C, Rigatti P, Montorsi F. Extended and saturation prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostate cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol 2007; 52: 1309–
  • Briffaux R, Coloby P, Bruyere F, et al. One preoperative dose randomized against 3-day antibiotic prophylaxis for transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. BJU Int. 2009; 103:1069-1073.
  • Jeon SS, Woo SH, Hyun JH, et al. Bisacodyl rectal Dirim A,Tekin Mİ. TRUS biyopsi hazırlığı nasıl yapılmalıdır? Üroonkoloji Bülteni Sayı Haziran 2010 Sayı 2, 21-24.
  • Lindert KA, Kabalin JN, Terris MK. Bacteremia and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy. Urology. ; 62:461-466. bacteriuria after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2000; 164:76-80.
  • Berger, AP., Gozzi, C.,Steiner, H., Frauscher, F., Varkarakis, J., Rogathsch, H., Bartsch, G.,Hoorninger, W., Comp- lication rate of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate Duplessis CA, Bavaro M, , Marguet C, , Auge B, Collard DA, Fierer J, Lesperance J. Rectal cultures before transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy reduce post-prostatic biopsy infection rates. Urology. 2012; 79 (3): 556-561.
  • Clements R, Aideyan OU, Griffiths GJ, Peeling WB. Side effects and patient acceptability of transrectal biopsy of the prostate. Clin Radiol. 1993;47:125–126.
  • Jeon SS, Woo SH, Hyun JH, et al. Bisacodyl rectal Collins GN, Lloyd SN, Hehir M, McKelvie GB. Multiple preparation can decrease infectious complications of transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Urology. ; 62 (3): 461-466. transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsies-true morbidity and patient acceptance. Br J Urol. 1993; 71: – 463.
  • El-Hakim A, Moussa S. CUA guidelines on prostate biopsy methodology. Can Urol Assoc J. 2010;4(2):89-94.
  • Young JL, Liss MA, Szabo RJ. Sepsis due to Zisman A, Leibovici D, Kleinmann J, Siegel YI, Lindner A. The impact of prostate biopsy on patient well-being: a prospective study of pain, anxiety and erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 2001; 165:445–454. fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsy. Urology. ; 74 (2): 332-338.
  • Aus G, Hermansson CG, Hugosson J, Pedersen KV. Transrectal ultrasound examination of the prostate: complications and acceptance by patients. Br J Urol. ; 71: 457–459. case of sepsis with an antibiotic-resistant organism complicating a routine transrectal prostate biopsy in a health care worker. Can Urol Assoc J. 2008; 2(5): 543 –
  • Jones JS, Zippe CD. Rectal sensation test helps avoid pain of apical prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2003;170(6 Pt 1):2316
  • Gözüküçük R, Çakıroğlu B, Özaslan H. Prostat Biyopsisi Nash PA, Bruce JE, Indudhara R, et al. Transrectal Sonrası Gelişen Kinolon Dirençli Escherichia Coli Sepsisi. Acıbadem Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi Nisan 2011 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 36-39. ultrasound guided prostate nerve blockade eases systematic needle biopsy of the prostate. J Urol. 1996; :607-609.
  • Lindstedt S, Lindström U, Ljunggren E, Wullt B, Grabe M. Issa MM, Bux S, Chun T, Petros JA, Labadia AJ, Anastasia Single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in core prostate biopsy: Impact of timing and identification of risk factors. Eur Urol. 2006; 50 (4): 832-837.
  • K, et al. A randomized prospective trial of intrarectal lidocaine for pain control during transrectal prostate biopsy: the Emory University experience. J Urol 2000; : 397-9.
  • Sumer Z, Coskunkan F, Vahaboglu H, et al: The resistance of Escherichia coli strains isolated from community- acquired urinary tract infections. Adv Ther. 2005; 22: 423.
  • Stirling BN, Shockley KF, Carothers GG, Maatman TJ. Comparison of local anesthesia techniques during transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies. Urology 2002; : 89- 92.
  • Goettsch W, Pelt WV, Nagelkerke N, Hendrix MG, Buiting AG, Petit PL et al. Increasing resistance to fl uoroquinolones in Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections in the Netherlands. J Antimicrob Chemother. ; 46 (2): 223-228. Raber M, Scattoni V, Roscigno M, Dehò F, Briganti A, Salonia A, et al. Topical prilocaine-lidocaine cream combined with peripheral nerve block improves pain control in prostatic biopsy: results from a prospective randomized trial. Eur Urol. 2008;53(5):967-973.
  • Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB, Lee KD, Kim HB, Kim EC et al. Clinical epidemiology of ciprofl oxacin resistance and its relationship to broad-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in bloodstream infections caused by Enterobacter species. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005; 26:88-92.)
  • Cormio L, Lorusso F, Selvaggio O, Perrone A, Sanguedolce F, Pagliarulo V, et al. Noninfiltrative anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy: A randomized prospective study comparing lidocaine-prilocaine cream and lidocaine-ketorolac gel. Urol Oncol. doi: 10. 1016 / j. urolonc. 2010. 09. 004
  • Christopher WS Cheng. Intramuscular Gentamicin Improves the Effi cacy of Ciprofloxacin as an Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Transrectal Prostate Biopsy. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2009; 38: 212-216.)
  • Soloway MS, Obek C. Periprostatic local anesthesia before ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. J Urol. Jan ;163 (1):172-173. Von Knobloch R, Weber J, Varga Z, Feiber H, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Bilateral fine needle administered local anaesthetic nerve block for pain control during TRUS- guided multi-core prostate biopsy: a prospective randomised trial. Eur Urol. 2002; 41(5): 508-514; discussion 514.
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