Social Justice in Islam and in the Political Philosophy of John Rawls

Adil ve iyi düzenlenmiş bir toplum geliştirme fikri, hem Batı siyaset teorisinde hem de İslam düşüncesinde merkezi bir konuma sahiptir. John Rawls, Anglo-Amerikan siyasi düşüncesini yeniden canlandıran ve en kapsamlı toplum kuramını teklif eden çağdaş bir filozoftur. Rawls’un adalet, kamusal akıl ve siyasal liberalizme ilişkin fikirleri, makalenin genelinde vurgulamaya çalıştığım üzere, birçok açıdan siyaset teorisi alanında çarpıcı tartışmalar başlatmıştır. İslam’ın temel tezleri daimi bir sürekliliğe sahip olmakla beraber, günümüz İslami arayışlarda modern fikriyatın güçlü etkisini dikkate almak gerekmektedir. İslam geleneğinde de, dağıtımcı adalet ilkeleri, klasik zamanlardan bu yana geniş ölçüde tartışılmış ve kuramsallaştırılmıştır. Bu temel argümanlar çerçevesinde Rawlsçu ve İslami iki farklı modelin etkileşimi karşılaştırmalı olarak makalede değerlendirilmiştir.

İslam’da ve John Rawls’un Siyaset Felsefesinde Sosyal Adalet

The idea of developing a just and well-ordered society has been central both to western political theory and to Islamic thought. John Rawls is a contemporary philosopher who has revived Anglo-American political thought and offered one of the most comprehensive theories of society. The Rawlsian ideas of justice, public reason, and political liberalism have instigated many interesting discussions, some aspects of which I will try to highlight here. While the basic doctrines of Islam always remain sacred, it is also important to acknowledge the heavy influence of the modernity in the present-day Islamic ideologies. The principles of distributive justice in Islamic tradition have been debated and theorized extensively since the classical times. In the article, I will talk about these arguments and address the topics where these two distinct models interact.

___

  • BARRY, Norman P., An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, Macmillan Education UK, London 1995.
  • BERLIN, Isaiah, “Two Concepts of Liberty: An Inaugural Lecture Delivered Before the University of Oxford on 31 October 1958”, 1959.
  • COHEN, Gerald. A., Rescuing Justice and Equality, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass 2008.
  • CROWDER, George, “John Gray’s Pluralist Critique of Liberalism”, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 1998, Cilt: 15, Sayı: 3, s. 287–298.
  • DOMBROWSKI, Daniel A., Rawls and Religion: The Case for Political Liberalism, State University of New York Press, Albany 2001.
  • FADEL, Mohammad H., “Public Reasons as a Strategy for Principled Reconciliation: The Case of Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law”, Chicago Journal of International Law, 2007, Cilt 8, Sayı: 1, s.1-20
  • FADEL, Mohammad H., “The Competing Claims of Law and Religion: Seeking an Islamic Reflective Equilibrium: A Response to Abdullahi A. An-Nacim’s Complementary, NotCompeting, Claims of Law and Religion: An Islamic Perspective”, 2013, Pepp. L. Rev., Cilt 39, Sayı: 5, s. 1257–1401.
  • GRAY, John, Enlightenment’s Wake: Politics and Culture at the Close of the Modern Age, Routledge, London, New York 2007.
  • GRAY, John, “Reply to Critics”, The Political Theory of John Gray., ed.: John Horton, Glen Newey, Taylor and Francis, Hoboken 2013.
  • HALLAQ, Wael B., An introduction to Islamic law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York 2009.
  • HALLAQ, Wael B., The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament, Columbia University Press, New York, 2014.
  • KHADDURI, Majid, The Islamic Conception of Justice, JHU Press, Baltimore, London 2001.
  • KYMLICKA, Will, Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction, 2. edisyon, Oxford University Press, New York 2002.
  • KYMLICKA, Will, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights, Clarendon Press; Oxford University Press, New York 1995.
  • LAKHANI, M. Ali, “The Metaphysics of Human Governance: Imam ‘Ali, Truth and Justice”, The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, ed.: M. Ali Lakhani, Reza Shah-Kazemi, Leonard Lewisohn, M. Ali Lakhani, Perennial philosophy series, World Wisdom; Sacred Web Pub, Bloomington, Ind., North Vancouver, B.C., Canada 2006.
  • LEWIS, Bernard, The political language of Islam, University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1988.
  • MIRAKHOR, Abbas ve Hossein Askari, Islam and the path to human and economic development, 1. edisyon, Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2010.
  • MODOOD, Tariq, Multiculturalism: A Civic Idea, 2. edisyon, Polity, Cambridge, UK, Malden, MA 2013.
  • NASR, Seyyed H., “Introduction”, The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, ed.: M. Ali Lakhani, Reza Shah-Kazemi, Leonard Lewisohn, M. Ali Lakhani, Perennial philosophy series, World Wisdom; Sacred Web Pub, Bloomington, Ind., North Vancouver, B.C., Canada 2006.
  • NA ĪM, Abdallāh Amad an-, Toward an Islamic Reformation: Civil Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law, Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse, NY 1996.
  • NUSSBAUM, Martha C., “Perfectionist Liberalism and Political Liberalism”, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2011, C. 39, Sayı: 1, s. 3–45
  • POGGE, Thomas W. M., John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice, çev.: Michelle Kosch, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York 2007.
  • RAWLS, John, A theory of justice, Rev. ed., Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass 1999.
  • RAWLS, John, Political Liberalism, Expanded ed., Columbia Univ. Press, New York 2005.
  • RAWLS, John, The law of peoples: with the idea of public reason revisited, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass 1999.
  • SCANLON, Thomas, What we owe to each other, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass 1998.
  • TIRMIDHĪ, Muhammad ibn Īsá, Jami AtTirmidhi 6 Volumes: Vol 1 to 6 Arabic and English, ed.: Abū āhir Zubayr AlīZaī, çev.: AbūKhalīl, 1st ed., Darussalam, Riyadh 2007.
  • TOPBAŞ, Osman Nuri, Islam: Spirit and Form, Erkam, Istanbul 2014.
  • VALLS, Andrew, “Rawls, Islam, and Political Constructivism: Some Questions for Tampio”, Contemporary Political Theory, 2012, C 11, Sayı: 3, s. 324–30,