Gurur Toplumu Bakış Açısıyla Türk Kültürünün İncelenmesinin Önemi

The Importance of Investigation of Turkish Culture from the Point of View of Cultural Pride

Honor is one’s worth in one’s own eyes and in the eyes of others. It is expressed as having two components: inner and outer honor. Among Mediterranean and South American honor cultures, it is observed that outer pride is much more important than inner pride. Social Interdependence (includes social bonds such as hospitality or generosity), Collective Honor (priority of family honor), Feminine Honor (includes values such as modesty, hiding one’s sexuality by wearing discreet cloths, and protecting one’s chastity) and Masculine Honor (includes the likeability of such characteristics such as physical power and courage) are among the characteristics of these honor cultures. Another characteristic of honor cultures is that the pride is objectified and perceived as a possession. When the honor is lost it is perceived as being added to the honor of the offender. Thus the individual who is attacked needs to restore his or her honor and acts violently in return. In this course engaging in revenge and committing violence to restore pride are to bee seen frequently. On the other hand, misuse and bribery are offenses yet again frequently seen in these cultures. This situation, which may perhaps be related to the relative insignificance of the inner pride, becomes an important problem. The overdose of pride may lead both individuals and societies to be vulnerable to manipulation in times of crisis. Thus, the aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of cultural pride and to discuss the importance of studying Turkish society in this domain of interest along with a presentation of a review of the issue in this respect.

___

  • Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF (1998) Threatened Egotism, Narcissism, Self-Esteem, and Direct and Displaced Aggression: Does Self-Love or Self-Hate Lead to Violence? J Pers Soc Psychol, 75: 219–229.
  • Braun F (2001) The Communication of Gender in Turkish. M Hellinger, H Bubmann (eds.), Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men, Amsterdam Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company, s. 283-310.
  • Brown JD, Dutton KA (1995) The Thrill of Victory, the Complexity of Defeat: Self-Esteem and People’s Emotional Reactions to Success and Failure. J Pers Soc Psychol,68: 712-722.
  • Campbell WK (1999) Narcissism and Romantic Attraction. J Pers Soc Psychol, 77: 1254–1270.
  • Cohen D, Nibett RE (1994) Self-Protection and the Culture of Honor. Explaining Southern Violence. Per Soc Psychol B, 20: 551-567.
  • Ekman P (2003) Emotions Revealed. New York: Times Books.
  • Erman T, Kalaycıoğlu S, Rittersberger-Tılıç H (2002) Money Earning Activities and Empowerment Experiences of Rural Migrant Women in the City: The Case of Turkey. Women Stud Int Forum, 25 (4): 395- 410.
  • Fischer AH, Manstead ASR, Rodriguez Mosquera PM (1999) The Role of Honor-Related vs. Individualistic Values in Conceptualing Pride, Shame, and Anger: Spanish and Dutch Cultural Prototypes. Cognition Emotion, 13 (2):149-179.
  • Gençöz T (2002) Discriminant Validity of Low Positive Affect: Is it Specific to Depression? Pers Indiv Differ, 32: 991-999.
  • Gençöz T (2000) Pozitif ve Negatif Duygu Durum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15(46): 19-28.
  • Ghatavi K, Nicolson R, MacDonald C, Osher S, Levitt A (2002) Defining Guilt in Depression: A Comparison of Subjects With Major Depression, Chronic Medical Illness and Healthy Controls. J Affect Disord, 68: 307-315.
  • Gilbert P (2000) The Relationship of Shame, Social Anxiety and Depression: The Role of the Evaluation of Social Rank. Clin Psychol Psychot, 7: 174-189.
  • Gilmore DD (1987) Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean. Washington DC. American Antropological Association.
  • Hofstede G (1980) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Holland, D, Quinn N (1987) Cultural Models in Language and Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • İmamoğlu EO (1991) Interpersonal Consequ- ences of Expressing Personal or Team Affect for Team Success or Falure Among Turkish Students. J Psychol, 125(5): 509-524.
  • Jansz J (1991) Person, Self and Moral Demands. Leiden: DSWO Press.
  • Johnson-Laird PN, Oatley K (1989) The Language of Emotions: An Analysis of A Semantic Firld. Cognition Emotion, 3: 81-123.
  • Kağıtçıbaşı Ç (1983) Women and Development in Turkey. International Journal of Turkish Studies, 25: 33-37.
  • Kernberg OF (1975) Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.
  • Kitiyama S, Markus HR, Kurokawa M (2000) Culture, Emotion, and Well-Being: Good Feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition Emotion, 14 (1): 93-124.
  • Kohut H (1976) The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
  • Lazarus RS (1991) Emotion and Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Leary MR (2007) Motivational and Emotional Aspects of the Self. Annu Rev Psychol, 58 (1). 317- 344.
  • Lewis M (2000) Self-Conscious Emotions: Embarrassment, Pride, Shame, and Guilt. M Lewis, J M Haviland-Jones (eds.), Handbook of Emotions. New York: Guilford Press, s. 623–636.
  • Mesquita B, Frijda NH (1992) Cultural Variations in Emotions: A review. Psychol Bull, 112: 179-204.
  • Murphy M (1983) Emotional Confrontations Between Sevillano Fathers and Sons. Am Ethnol, 10: 650 –664.
  • Niedenthal Tangney JPP, Gavanski I (1994) "If Only I Weren’t" Versus "If Only I Hadn’t": Distinguishing Shame and Guilt in Counterfactual thinking. J Pers Soc Psychol, 67: 585-595.
  • Peristiany JG (1965) Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.
  • Pitt-Rivers J (1965) Honour and Social Status. JG Peristiany (ed.), Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society. London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, s. 18-77.
  • Paulhus DL, Robins RW, Trzesniewski KH, Tracy JL (2004) Two Replicable Suppressor Situations in Personality Research. Multivar Behav Res, 39: 301–326.
  • Rodriguez Mosquera PM (1999) Honor and Emotion The Cultural Shaping of Pride, Shame and Anger. Belle van Zuylen Instituut: Spain.
  • Schwartz SH (1992) Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoratical Advances and Emprical Tests in 20 Countries. M.P Zanna (ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. San Siego, CA: Academic Press, s. 1-65
  • Stewart FH (1994) Honor. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
  • Tracy JL, Robins RW (2004) Show Your Pride: Evidence for A Discrete Emotion Expression. Psychol Sci, 15: 194–197.
  • Tracy JL, Robins RW (2007) The Psychological Structure of Pride: A Tale of Two Facets. J Pers Soc Psychol, 92 (3):
  • Tracy JL, Robins R W, Lagattuta KH (2005) Can Children Recognize the Pride Expression? Emotion, 5: 251–257.
  • Triandis HC (1989) The Self and Social Behaviour in Differing Cultural Contexts. Psychol Rev, 96: 506-520.
  • Triandis HC (1994) Culture and Social Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Triandis HC (1995) Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Triandis HC, Botempo R, Villareal MJ, Asai M, Lucca N (1988) Individualism and Collectism: Cross- Cultural Perspectives on Self-Ingroup Relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54: 323-338.
  • Triandis HC, McCuster C, Hui CH (1990) Multimethod Probes of Individualism and Collec- tivism. J Pers Soc Psychol, 59: 1006-1020.
  • Zammuner VL (1996) Felt Emotions, and Verbally Communicated Emotions: The Case of Pride. Eur J Soc Psychol, 26: 233-245.