Afetler Sonrası Mimarlıkta Yeni Normal

İnsanoğlu, var olduğu ilk zamanlardan bu yana farklı dönemlerde farklı doğal afetlere maruz kalmıştır. Bu afetler, kimi zaman sadece maddi zararlar ile sonuçlanırken kimi zaman mal kayıplarına ek olarak can kayıplarına da neden olmuştur. Bu kayıpların en aza indirilmesi için afetler öncesinde, afet anında ve afetler sonrasında farklı yerel ve özel kuruluşlar farklı görevler üstlenmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında üzerinde durulacak olan konu, afetler sonrasında fikir aşamasında tasarlanmış ya da üretimi yapılmış olan barınma olanakları ve acil ihtiyaçlara yönelik ele alınan mimari yaklaşımlardır. Afetin meydana gelmesinden sonra, afetin yaşandığı bölgesel koşullar, iklim, nüfus, ekonomik durum, hasar durumu şeklinde sıralanabilecek veriler göz önünde bulundurularak, konuyla ilgili disiplinlerin birbirleriyle iş birliği içerisinde en kısa sürede, en acil ihtiyaçların başında gelen barınma konusunda üretim yapmaları önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında geçmişten günümüze farklı bölgelerde meydana gelen ve orta dereceli – yüksek kategorisinde değerlendirilebilecek afetler sonrasında inşa edilen geçici ve kalıcı yapı tasarımları ele alınmıştır. Bu tasarımlar, ele aldıkları tasarım yaklaşımları, özgün üretim fikirleri, kurulum süresi, taşınma ve inşa aşamaları ve bunun gibi birçok konuda getirdikleri yenilikler ve kolaylıklar açısından incelenmiştir. Proje önerilerinin ve uygulamalarının kategorize edilmesi deprem, tsunami, sel baskını, göçler ve salgın hastalıklar sonrası yapı tasarımları olarak iki başlık altında yapılmıştır. Başlıklara ait projeler kendi içlerinde gruplandırılarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Afetler sonrası meydana gelen hasarların ortaya çıkardığı barınma problemi, bu konuda yapılan çalışmalar ortaya konularak, hangi afetlerin barınma ihtiyaçlarını ne ölçüde etkilediği üzerinden irdelenmiştir. İncelemeler sonucunda depremler başta olmak üzere, savaş ve göç sonrasında ihtiyaç duyulan barınma ve günümüzde de etkisini devam ettirmekte olan salgın hastalıklar sonrası barınma ihtiyaçlarında meydana gelen değişimlerin diğerlerinden daha ön planda olduğu saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

afet sonrası mimarlık, yeni normal, barınma, geçici yapı, kalıcı yapı tasarımları

The New Normal in Post-Disaster Architecture

Mankind has been exposed to different natural disasters in different periods since the first times of its existence. While these disasters sometimes result in only material damages, sometimes they also cause loss of life in addition to property losses. In order to minimize these losses, different local and private organizations undertake different tasks before, during and after disasters. The subject that will be focused on within the scope of the research is the housing opportunities that were designed or produced at the idea stage after disasters and architectural approaches for urgent needs. Considering the data that can be listed as the regional conditions, climate, population, economic situation, and damage situation after the disaster occurs, it is important that the disciplines related to the subject produce in the shortest time possible, in cooperation with each other, about shelter, which is one of the most urgent needs. Within the scope of this study, temporary and permanent building designs built after disasters that occurred in different regions from the past to the present and can be evaluated in the middle-high category are discussed. These designs were examined in terms of their design approaches, original production ideas, installation time, moving and construction stages, and many other innovations and conveniences they brought. The categorization of the project proposals and applications was made under two headings as earthquake, tsunami, flood, migration and post-epidemic building designs. Projects belonging to the titles are grouped and classified within themselves. The sheltering problem caused by the damages after the disasters has been examined by revealing the studies on this subject, and to what extent which disasters affect the housing needs. As a result of the examinations, it has been determined that the changes in the housing needs after the earthquakes, the needed shelter after the war and migration, and the epidemics that continue to be effective today, are more prominent than the others.

Keywords:

post-disaster architecture, new normal, shelter, temporary building, permanent building designs,

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