Drosophila: Çevresel Kirleticilerin Toksisitesini Değerlendirmek İçin Umut Veren Bir Model

Çevre kirliliği artık sağlığımız ve gıda güvenliğimiz üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olan önemli bir küresel sorun haline gelmiştir. İnsanlar ve hayvanlar, günlük olarak kendilerini zayıflatıcı kontaminasyon seviyelerine maruz kalmaktadır. Dünya genelinde tek başına hava kirliliği başlıca akciğer kanseri, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), felç, kalp yetmezliği ve solunum yolu enfeksiyonları sebebiyle her yıl milyonlarca erken ölüme neden olmakta ve Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO)’ne göre, insanlığın %99’u önerilen seviyelerin üzerinde kirletici içeren havayı solumaktadır. 2022-2025 için iklim değişikliği ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin yanı sıra Birleşmiş Milletler (BM), üçüncü desteğini “kirlilik içermeyen bir gezegen” hedefi olarak belirlemiştir. Kirliliği azaltmak ve kirlilikle ilgili hastalık yükümüzü hafifletmek için hedefe özel stratejiler geliştirmemiz gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, her bir kimyasal ve doğal kirleticinin risk değerlendirmesi ve toksisite çalışmalarından elde edilen somut kanıtlar çok önemli görünmektedir. Her kirletici için olası etki mekanizmalarını araştırmak ve kapsamlı in vivo hayvan testleri yoluyla bu kirleticilerin toksik potansiyellerini ve güvenli sınırlarını saptanmak için titiz çaba gösterilmelidir. Yüksek çalışma maliyetleri ve daha yüksek omurgalıların kullanımına ilişkin etik sorunlar gibi çeşitli faktörler, geleneksel in vivo testlerin verimli kullanımını engelleyici bir şekilde kısıtlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, toksisite çalışmaları için D. melanogaster gibi daha basit ve dinamik model organizmalar tercih edilebilir, çünkü insan hastalıklarıyla ilgili genlerin %75’inin D. melanogaster’de homologları olduğu bilinmektedir, bu da farklı anomalilerin araştırılmasını kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu derleme, D. melanogaster kullanılarak çevresel kirleticilerle ilgili çalışmaları belirterek çevresel kirleticilere maruz kalmayla ilgili risklerin kapsamlı bir analizini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Drosophila melanogaster, Çevresel kirleticiler, Risk değerlendirmesi, Ekotoksisite, In vivo model organizma, Sağlık

Drosophila: A Promising Model for Evaluating the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants

Environmental contamination has now become a major global issue with adverse effects on our health and food security. Humans and animals are being exposed to debilitating levels of contamination on a daily basis. Across the globe, air pollution alone causes millions of premature deaths annually, mainly from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), stroke, heart failure, and respiratory infections, and according to World Health Organization (WHO), 99% of humanity breathes air containing contaminants above recommended levels. The United Nations (UN) has identified “a pollution-free planet” goal among its three pillars, besides climate change and biodiversity for 2022–2025. In order to mitigate contamination and relieve our burden of pollution-related disease, we need to devise target-specific strategies. To that end, risk assessment of each chemical and natural contaminants and solid evidence from toxicity studies appear to be of paramount importance. Meticulous efforts should be made to look into possible mechanisms of action for each pollutant and detect their toxic potential and safe limits through comprehensive in vivo animal testing. Various factors such as high operational costs and ethical issues concerning the use of higher vertebrates frustratingly restrict the efficient use of traditional in vivo testing. Therefore, simpler and more dynamic model organisms like Drosophila melanogaster could be favored for toxicity studies, as 75% of the genes related with human diseases are known to have homologs in D. melanogaster, which facilitates research into different anomalies. This review aims to present the picture of studies regarding environmental pollutants that employed using D. melanogaster, attempting to offer a comprehensive analysis of risks involved in exposure to environmental pollutants.

Keywords:

Drosophila melanogaster, Environmental pollutants, Risk assessment, Ecotoxicity, In vivo model organism, Health,

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