THE TRANSFORMATION OF RUSSIAN INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY AFTER THE COLD WAR (1991-1993)

The end of the Cold War affected not only international politics but also Russian domestic politics and institutions, including Russian intelligence organizations. Using a comprehensive literature survey and conducting two semi-structured interviews with experts on Russian national security on 18thMay 2019, this article examines the transformation of the Russian intelligence community after the Cold War (1991-1993). I argue that the end of the Cold War, the 1991 August Coup particularly, dramatically affected Soviet/Russian intelligence organizations. I also argue that the transformation of the Russian intelligence community took place in three domains: change in the philosophy of Russian intelligence, change in Russian intelligence tradecraft and organizational change within the Russian intelligence community. First, Russian policymakers realized that KGB not only involved the August Coup that accelerated the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics but also failed to predict the end of the Cold war and it operated as an ideological guardian of the Soviet regime instead of an intelligence organization. Second and consequently, these policymakers tried to update and de-ideologize the KGB. Last, the KGB was dissolved, and five new intelligence organizations were founded after the end of the Cold war.

SOĞUK SAVAŞSONRASI RUS İSTİHBARAT TOPLULUĞUNUN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ (1991-1993)

Soğuk Savaş’ın sona ermesi sadece uluslararası politikayı değil, Rus iç politikasını ve istihbarat örgütleri de dahil olmak üzere tüm Rus kurumlarını etkilemiştir. Kapsamlı bir literatür taraması ve iki Rusya ulusal güvenlik uzmanı ile 18 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde gerçekleştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar sonucunda, bu makale Soğuk Savaş sonrası (1991-1993) Rus istihbarat örgütlerinin yaşadığı dönüşümü incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada, 1991 Ağustos Darbesi özelinde, Soğuk Savaş’ın bitişinin Sovyet/Rus istihbarat örgütlerini ciddi boyutta etkilediği savunulmaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışma kapsamında, Rus istihbarat örgütlerinin yaşadığı dönüşümün üç alanda gerçekleştiği savunulmaktadır. Bahsi geçen alanlar; Rus istihbarat felsefesindeki değişim, Rus istihbarat metotlarındaki değişim ve kurumsal değişimdir. Bu eksende, ilk olarak, Rus politik karar alıcılar; KGB’nin 1991 Ağustos Darbesi’ndeki rolünün Sovyetler Birliği’nin çöküşünü hızlandırdığının, KGB’nin Soğuk Savaş’ın bitişini öngöremediğinin ve ideolojik faaliyetlere odaklandığının farkına varmıştır. Bununla bağlantılı olarak ikinci aşamada, Rus karar alıcılar KGB’yi güncellemek ve ideolojiden arındırmayı denemişlerdir. Son olarak, KGB dağıtılmış ve yerine beş yeni istihbarat örgütü kurulmuştur.

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