Jingcheng ZHONG, Zhijie MA, Zhixin CHAI, Hui WANG, Chengfu ZHANG, Qiumei JI, Jinwei XIN

Whole Genome Sequencing of the Dzo: Genetic Implications for High Altitude Adaptation, Sterility, and Milk and Meat Production

The Dzo, a hybrid between the domestic Yak and cattle found on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau are commercially important owing to increased meat and milk production, as well as their adaptation to extremely high-altitude environments. To better understand the genomic architecture and adaptive capabilities of this unique domesticated hybrid, we performed whole genome resequencing and compared the genomic architecture and variation of the Dzo to its progenitors: the cattle and Yak. In total, 33.17 M single nucleotide variations (SNVs) were detected between the Dzo and cattle reference genomes. Even though the Dzo is known to be sterile, no genetic signatures associated with sterility were found on the Dzo Y chromosome. On the contrary, our results suggest that the autosomal DMC1 locus (Chromosome 5. 110729098. C>CT) plays a role in the sterility of Dzo, which warrants further exploration of its functions. We integrated the whole genome resequencing data of cattle and Yak to obtain candidate genes with a high degree of variation that might be associated with altitudinal adaptation. We found that the EPAS1 gene, which encodes hypoxia-inducible factor 2α, exhibited significant variation (Chromosome 11.28664187 C>T) between Yak and cattle, and may play a key role in the genetic basis of altitudinal adaptation. In addition, in analyzing differences between the Dzo, Yak, and cattle genomes, we uncovered several additional genomic signatures relevant to high altitude adaptation and meat and milk production. These findings underscore the need for further studies to improve ruminant stock for sustainable agriculture on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau..

Dzo Sığırlarında Tüm Genom Sekanslaması: Yüksek Rakıma Adaptasyon, Sterilite İle Süt ve Et Verimine Etkisi

Evcil Yak ile Qinghai-Tibet platosunda bulunan sığırın bir hibriti olan Dzo artmış et ve süt üretimi ile birlikte aynı zamanda oldukça yüksek rakımlı bölgelere adaptasyonu nedeni ile ticari olarak önem arz etmektedir. Bu özgün evcil hibritin genomik yapısını ve uyum kapasitelerini daha iyi anlamak amacıyla tüm genom sekanslaması yapılarak genomik yapısı ve varyasyonlar Dzonun progenitörleri olan sığır ve Yak ile karşılaştırıldı. Dzo ile sığır referans genomları arasında toplam 33.17 M tek nükleotid varyasyonu belirlendi. Dzo steril olarak bilinmesine rağmen Dzo Y kromozomunda sterilite ile ilgili hiç bir genetik işarete rastlanmadı. Aksine, elde edilen bulgular otozomal DMC1 lokusunun (Kromozom 5. 110729098. C>CT) Dzonun sterilitesinde rol oynadığına işaret etmekte ve bu nedenle de daha ileri araştırılmaların yapılması gerekmektedir. Yüksek rakıma adaptasyon ile ilişkili yüksek oranda varyasyona sahip genlerin araştırılması amacıyla sığır ve Yakın tüm genom sekanslama verilerinin entegrasyonu gerçekleştirildi. Hipoksi ile indüklenebilir faktör 2α’yı kodlayan EPAS1 geni Yak ve sığır arasında yüksek varyasyon (Kromozom 11.28664187 C>T) göstermekteydi ve bu nedenle yüksek rakıma adaptasyonun genetik temelinde rol oynayabileceği düşünüldü. Ayrıca, Dzo, Yak ve sığır genomları arasındaki farklılıklar analiz edildiğinde, yüksek rakıma adaptasyon ile birlikte et ve süt üretimine etki eden bazı ilave genomik işaretlere rastlandı. Bu bulgular Qinghai-Tibet platosunda daha ileri ve devam ettirilebilir ruminant yetiştiriciliği için daha fazla çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir

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