___

• 1. Asti A, Marmondi E, Tinelli C, et al. Microbiological sentinel events at a neurological hospital: a retrospective cohort study. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65, 1512–1520. 2. Guidance for control of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) Facility Guidance for Control of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). November 2015 Update - CRE Toolkit. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases; Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion CDC. 3. Zhang Y, Wang Q, Yin Y, et al. Epidemiology of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections: Report from the China CRE Network. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62 e01882-1817. 4. Meletis G. Carbapenem resistance: overview of the problem and future perspectives. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2016; 3(1), 1521. 5. van Duin D, Doi Y. The global epidemiology of carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae. Virulence 2017; 8(4), 460-469. 6. Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics.http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/globalpriority-list-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/en/ 7. Papp-Wallance KM, Endimiani A, Taracila MA, et al. Carbapenems: past, present and future. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 2011; 4943-4960 8. Hauck, K. & Zhao, X. How dangerous is a day in hospital? A model of adverse events and length of stay for medical inpatients. Med Care 2011; 49, 1068–1075. 9. World Health Organization Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections. a Practical Guide, 2nd edn. Geneva: 2002 WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH. 10. Fritzenwanker M, Imirzalioglu C, Herold S, et al. Treatment Options for Carbapenem- Resistant Gram-Negative Infections. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018; 115, 345–52. 11. Puzniak L, DePestel DD, Srinivasan A, et al. A Combination Antibiogram Evaluation for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Respiratory and Blood Sources from ICU and Non-ICU Settings in US. Hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 2019; 63, 4 e02564-18. 12. A European One Health Action Plan against Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). 2017 European Commission). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52017DC0339&from=EN 13. Nagy E, Becker S, Kostrzewa M, et al.. The value of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of clinically relevant anaerobic bacteria in routine laboratories. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61, 1393-1400. 14. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance, December 2013. http://www.eucast.org/fi leadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/ Resistance_mechanisms/EUCAST_detection_of_resistance_mechanisms_v1.0_20131211.pdf 15. Iacchini S, Sabbatucci M, Gagliotti C, et al. A. Bloodstream infections due to carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Italy: results from nationwide surveillance, 2014 to 2017. Eurosurveill 2019; 24, 5. 16. Uslan DZ, Crane SJ, Steckelberg JM, et al. Age-and sex-associated trends in bloodstream infection: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167(8), 834-839. 17. Kousouli E, Zarkotou O, Politi L, et al. Infection control interventions affected by resource shortages: impact on the incidence of bacteremias caused by carbapenem-resistant pathogens. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37(1), 43-50. 18. Hubacek JA, Stüber F, Fröhlich D, et al. Gene variants of the bactericidal/permeability increasing protein and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in sepsis patients: gender-specific genetic predisposition to sepsis. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(3), 557-561. 19. Albiger B,. Glasner C, MJ Struelens MJ, et al. The European Survey of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE) working group. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe: assessment by national experts from 38 countries, May 2015. Euro Surveill 2015; 20(45). 20. Weng NP. Aging of the immune system: how much can the adaptive immune system adapt? Immunity 2006; 24(5),495-499. 21. Codjoe FS and Donkor ES. Carbapenem Resistance: A Review. Med Sci 2018; 6, 1 22. Ministero della Salute (Italian Ministry of Health). Piano Nazionale di Contrasto dell’Antimicrobico-Resistenza (PNCAR) 2017-2020. [National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2020] Rome: Ministry of Health; 24 Oct 2017. Italian. http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C. 23. Goldman DA, Weinstein RA, Wenzel RP, et al. Strategies to Prevent and Control the Emergence and Spread of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms in Hospitals. A Challenge to Hospital Leadership. JAMA 1996; 275, 234-240 24. Grundmann H, Glasner C, Albiger B, et al.and the European Survey of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE) Working Group. Occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli in the European survey of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (EuSCAPE): a prospective, multinational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17, 153-163. 25. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Douglas M. Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th edn. Oxford, 2010, Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone, United Kingdom. 26. Christoff J, Tolentino J, Mawdsley E, et al. Optimizing empirical antimicrobial therapy for infection due to Gram-negative pathogens in the intensive care unit: utility of a combination antibiogram. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31, 256–261. 27. Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL et al. Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017; 9,2. 28. Hojgard S. Antibiotic resistance-why is the problem so difficult to solve? Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2012; 2,18165 29. Abulhasan YB, Rachel SP, Chatillon-Angle MO, et al. Healthcare associated infections in the neurological intensive care-unit: Results of 6 years surveillance study at a major tertiary care center. Am J Infect Control 2018; 46, 656-662.