Rüstem AŞKIN, Yasemin BOZKURT, Zekiye ZEYBEK

COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİ: PSİKOLOJİK ETKİLERİ VE TERAPÖTİK MÜDAHALELER

Çin’de başlayan ve tüm dünyayı etkileyen Covid-19 pandemisinin sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik ve psikolojikyansımaları yaşamımızın ortasına aniden konumlanan yadsınamaz bir gerçeklik olmuştur. Bireylerin hemfiziksel hem de psikolojik sağlığını tehdit eden Covid-19 salgını %0,5 ile %3 arasında değişen ölüm riskinesahip olup ortaya çıkışından kısa bir süre sonra hayatlarımızı geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlarla değiştirmiştir.Ortaya çıkış nedeninin tam olarak bilinememesi, virüsün kontrol altına alınamaması ve dünyadaki tümbireylerinin potansiyel risk altında olması salgını küresel bir travmaya dönüştürmüştür. Artan depresyon,kaygı, sağlık anksiyetesi, yalnızlık, sosyal izolasyon, damgalama ve finansal zorluklar ile değişen iş veçalışma koşulları, sağlık çalışanları için ikincil travmatizasyon, ailelerinden ayrı kalma gibi birçok sonucuberaberinde getirmekte olup salgın esnasında ve sonrasındaki psikolojik müdahalelerin gerekliliği, önemive kapsamı açıkça ortaya konmuştur. Salgının epidemolojisi ve ruh sağlığına etkilerinin yanında bireyselfarklılıklar, risk gruplarının psikolojik etkileri ile terapötik önleme ve müdahale çalışmaları kapsamındaizlenmesi gereken adımlar literatürdeki bulgular ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS

Covid-19 pandemic, which arose in China and affected whole world, became suddenly an undeniable reality that has various significant social, political, economic and psychological effects. The pandemic with around 0.5%-3% mortality rate has threatened individuals’ both physical and psychological health and has irreversible consequences on our lives. Given that unknown reason of its occurrence, uncontrollability of the virus and that every individual has potential for virus led to turn the pandemic into a global trauma. Increasing depression, anxiety, health anxiety, loneliness, social isolation, stigmatization and financial problems, changing working conditions, health workers’ vicarious traumatization risk and separation from family members consist main problems during pandemic. Thus, it emphasized the necessity, importance and content of psychological interventions during and after Covid-19. The epidemiology, influences of mental health, individual differences, high-risk groups and therapeutic intervention strategies were discussed in the light of literature findings

PDF

___

Almond, D., ve Mazumder, B. (2005). The 1918 influenza pandemic and subsequent health outcomes: an analysis of SIPP data. American Economic Review, 95(2), 258- 262.
Asmundson, G., ve Taylor, S., (2020). How Health Anxiety Influences Responses to Viral Outbreaks Like COVID-19: What All Decision-Makers, Health Authorities, and Health Care Professionals Need to Know”, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71, 102211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211
Bai, Y., Lin, C. C., Lin, C. Y., Chen, J. Y., Chue, C. M., ve Chou, P., (2004). Survey of Stress Reactions Among Health Care Workers Involved with the SARS Outbreak, Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1055-1057.
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., ve Lu, L., (2020). 2019-nCoV Epidemic: Address Mental Health Care to Empower Society, The Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30309-3
Barry, J. M. (2005). The great influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History (Gözden Geçirilmiş Baskı).United States of America: Penguin.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., ve Zheng, J., (2020), The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China, Psychiatry Research, 28, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, (2020), Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (13.06.2020 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019- ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
Chen, Q., Liang, M., Li, Y., Guo, J., Fei, D., Wang, L., ve Wang, J., (2020). Mental Health Care for Medical Staff in China During the COVID-19 Outbreak, The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), e15-e16.
Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., ve Viboud, C. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science, 368(6489), 395-400.
Cyrus, S. H. H., Cornelia Y. I. C., ve Roger C. M. H., (2020). Mental Health Strategies to Combat the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 Beyond Paranoia and Panic, Academy of Medicine, 49(3), 155-160.
Çaykuş, E. T., ve Çaykuş, T. M., (2020). Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Çocukların Psikolojik Dayanıklılığını Güçlendirme Yolları: Ailelere, Öğretmenlere ve Ruh Sağlığı Uzmanlarına Öneriler”, Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 95-113.
Crosby, A. W. (2003). America's forgotten pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (2. Baskı). United States of America: Cambridge University Press.
Emanuel, E. J., Persad, G., Upshur, R., Thome, B., Parker, M., Glickman, A., ve Phillips, J. P. (2020).Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19, The New England Journal of Medicine, 382 (21), 2049-2055.
Enli Tuncay, F., Koyuncu, E., ve Özel, Ş., (2020). Pandemilerde Sağlık Çalışanlarının Psikososyal Sağlığını Etkileyen Koruyucu ve Risk Faktörlerine İlişkin Bir Derleme, Ankara Med J, 2, 488-501. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.02418
Ergönen, A. T., Biçen, E., ve Ersoy, G., (2020). COVID-19 Salgınında Ev İçi Şiddet, The Bulletin of Legal Medicine, 25, 48-57. doi:10.17986/blm.2020.v25i.1408
Gates, B. (2020). Responding to Covid-19—a once-in-a-entury Pandemic?, New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1677-1679.
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... ve Ford, T., (2020). Multidisciplinary Research Priorities for the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action for Mental Health Science, The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127-130. doi:10.1093/ppar/prx030
Janoff-Bulman, R., ve Timko, C. (1987). Coping with traumatic life events: In Coping with negative life events, Boston: Springer,
Jones, J. H., ve Salathé, M., (2009). Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-origin Influenza A(H1N1), Public Library of Science, 4(12), e8032. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008032
Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, B.X., Wang, Y., Hu, J., Lai, J., Ma, X., Chen, J., Guan, L., Wang, G., Ma, H., ve Liu, Z., (2020). The Mental Health of Medical Workers in Wuhan, China Dealing with the 2019 Novel Coronavirus, Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30047-X
Kaya, B., (2020). Pandeminin Ruh Sağlığına Etkileri, Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23, 123-124. doi:10.5505/kpd.2020.64325
Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ve Tan, H., (2020). Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. Journal of the American Medical Association, 3(3), e203976. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Lau, J. T., Yang, X., Pang, E., Tsui, H. Y., Wong, E., ve Wing, Y. K., (2005). SARSRelated Perceptions in Hong Kong. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 11(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1103.040675
Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., ve Chua, S. E., (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
Lima, C. K. T., de Medeiros Carvalho, P. M., Lima, I. D. A. S., de Oliveira Nunes, J.V. A., Saraiva, J. S., de Souza, R. I., .ve Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The Emotional Impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (New Coronavirus Disease)”, Psychiatry Research, 287, 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915
Lin, A., Wigman, J. T. W., Nelson, B., Vollebergh, W. A., Van Os, J., Baksheev, G., ve Yung, A. R. (2011). The Relationship Between Coping and Subclinical Psychotic Experiences in Adolescents from the General Population– A Longitudinal Study, Psychological Medicine, 41, 2535-2546. doi:10.1017/S0033291711000560
Mukhtar S., (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Aspects of Coronavirus Outbreak in Pakistan: Psychological Intervention for Public Mental Health Crisis, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102069. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102069
Murthy, S., Gomersall, C. D., ve Fowler, R. A., (2020). Care for Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19”, Journal of the American Medical Association. 323(15), 1499- 1500. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3633
Pan, R., Zhang, L., ve Pan, J., (2020). The Anxiety Status of Chinese Medical Workers During the Epidemic of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis, Psychiatry investigation, 17(5), 475–480. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0127
Park, J. S., Lee, E. H., Park, N. R., ve Choi, Y. H., (2018). Mental Health of Nurses Working at a Government-designated Hospital During A MERS-Cov Outbreak: A Cross-sectional Study, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(1), 2-6.
Parodi, S. M., ve Liu, V. X., (2020). From Containment to Mitigation of COVID-19 in the US, Journal of the American Medical Association, 323(15), 1441-1442. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.3882
Polizzi, C., Lynn, S.J., ve Perry, A., (2020). Stress and Coping in the Time of COVID19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery, Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59-62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang, Z, Xie, B, ve Xu, Y., (2020). A Nationwide Survey of Psychological Distress Among Chinese People in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and Policy Recommendations”, General Psychiatry, 33, e100213. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
Rajkumar, R. P., (2020). COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of the Existing Literature, Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52, 102066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Reger, M. A., Stanley, I. H., ve Joiner, T. E., (2020). Suicide Mortality and Coronavirus Disease 2019—A Perfect Storm?, Journal of the American Medical Association Psychiatry, doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1060
Rubin, G. J., Potts, H. W. W., ve Michie, S. (2010). The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK. Health Technology Assessment, 14(34), 183- 266.
Semenza, J. C., Rocklöv, J., Penttinen, P., ve Lindgren, E., (2016). Observed and Projected Drivers of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Europe, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1382(1), 73.
Shalev, D., ve Shapiro, P. A. (2020). Epidemic Psychiatry: The Opportunities and Challenges of COVID-19, General Hospital Psychiatry, 64, 68-71.
Sim, K., Chan, Y. H., Chong, P. N., Chua, H. C., ve Soon, S. W. (2010). Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(2), 195- 202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004
Thunström L, Newbold SC, Finnoff SC, Ashworth M ve Shogren JF. (2020). The benefits and costs of flattening the curve for COVID-19”. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1–17.
Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J., ve Tian, C., (2020). Psychological Symptoms of Ordinary Chinese Citizens Based on SCL-90 During the Level I Emergency Response to COVID-19, Psychiatry Research, 288, 112992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., ve Jackson, D., (2020). Family Violence and COVID‐19: Increased Vulnerability and Reduced Options for Support, International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., ve White, P. (2020). Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for palliative care providers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60, e70-e76
Van Hoek, A. J., Underwood, A., Jit, M., Miller, E., ve Edmunds, W. J. (2011). The Impact of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 on Health-related Quality of Life: A Prospective Population-based Study”, Public Library of Science, 6(3), e17030. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017030
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., ve Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Wu, K. K., Chan, S. K., ve Ma, T. M. (2005). Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Survivors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)”, Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 18(1), 39-42.
Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., ve Hoven, C. W. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302-311.
World Health Organization. (2020), Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public, (13.06.2020 tarihinde https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/needextra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html adresinden alınmıştır.)
Xiao, H., Zhang, Y., Kong, D., Li, S., ve Yang, N. (2020). Social Capital and Sleep Quality in Individuals Who Self-Isolated for 14 Days During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e923921- e923921-1- e923921-8). https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921