The Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Organizational Silence in Hotels

The aim of this study is to determine whether psychological empowerment (PE) is related with or have any effects on organizational silence (OS) in hotel enterprises. Relevant data was collected via questionnaire forms from 348 employees of five star hotels operating in Antalya. To test the hypothesis of the study Correlation and Regression Analyses were performed. Findings of the study basically indicate that PE applications have relatively weak effect on OS. The results show that only selfdetermination dimension of PE has a significant effect on OS, while the other dimensions have no effect on OS.

PDF

___

Amenumay, E. K. and Lockwood, A. (2008). Psychological Climate and Psychological Empowerment: An Exploration in a Luxury UK Hotel Group. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8 (4), 265-281.

Appelbaum, S.H., Hebert, D., and Leroux, S. (1999). Empowerment: Power, Culture and Leadership-A Strategy or Fad for the Millennium?, Journal of Workplace Learning: Employee Counselling Today, 11 (7), 233-254.

Banerjee, A. and Somanathan, R. (2001). A Simple Model of Voice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February, 189-227.

Beer, M. and Eisenstat, R. A. (2000). The Silent Killers of Strategy Implementation and Learning. Sloan Management Review, Summer, 29-40.

Bowen, F. and Blackmon, K. (2003). Spirals of Silence: The Dynamic Effects of Diversity on Organizational Voice. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), p. 1393-1417

Chan, Y. H., Taylor, R. R., and Markham, S. (2008). The Role of Subordinates' Trust in a Social Exchange Driven Psychological Empowerment Process, Journal of Managerial Issues, 20 (4), 444-467.

Chiang, C. F. and Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The Impacts of Perceived Organizational Support and Psychological Empowerment on Job Performance: The Mediating Effects of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31 (1), 180-190.

Conger, J. A., (1989). Leadership: The Art of Empowering Others. The Academy of Management Executive, 3 (1), 17-24.

Conger, J. A., and Kanungo, R. N., (1988). The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 471-482.

Corsun, D. L. and Enz C. A. (1999). Predicting Psychological Empowerment among Service Workers: The Effect of Support-Based Relationships. Human Relations, 52 (2), 205-224.

Demir, M. (2014). İşgörenlerin Adalet Algılamaları Kapsamında Sessizlik Davranışının Kariyer Beklentisi ile İlişkisi. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11 (1), 1095-1113.

Ehtiyar, R., and Yanardağ, M. (2008). Organizational Silence: A Survey on Employees Working in a Chain Hotel. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14 (1), 51-68.

Erenler, E. (2010). Çalışanlarda Sessizlik Davranışının Bazı Kişisel ve Örgütsel Özelliklerle İlişkisi: Turizm Sektöründe Bir Alan Araştırması, (Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Gkorezis, P. Hatzithomas, L. and Petridou, E. (2011). The Impact of Leader's Humor on Employees' Psychological Empowerment: The Moderating Role of Tenure. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23 (1), 83-95.

Guchait, P., Madera, J. and Dawson, M. (2016). Learning in the Service Environment: The Influence of Diversity Climate. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 26 (4), 448-470.

Hancer, M., and George, R.T., (2003). Psychological Empowerment of Non- Supervisory Employees Working in Full-Service Restaurants. Hospitality Management, 22, 3-16.

Jha, S.S., and Nair, S.K, (2008). Influence of Locus of Control, Job Characteristics and Superior-Subordinate Relationship on Psychological Empowerment: A Study in Five Star Hotel. Journal of Management Research, 8 (3), 147-161.

Kahya, C. (2015). Mesleki Özyeterlilik ve Örgütsel Sessizlik İlişkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5 (1), 293-314.

Kim, B (P)., Lee, G., Murrmann, S. K., and George, T. R. (2012). Motivational Effects of Empowerment on Employees' Organizational Commitment: A Mediating Role of Management Trustworthiness. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53 (1), 10- 19.

Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Trevino, L. K. and Edmondson, A. C. (2009). Silenced by Fear: The Nature, Sources, and Consequences of Fear at Work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 163-193.

Klagge, J. (1998). The Empowerment Squeeze-Views from the Middle Management Position. Journal of Management Development, 17 (8), 548-558.

Koyuncu, M., Burke, R., Fixenbaum, L. and Tekin, Y. (2013). Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Voice Behaviour among Front-line Employees in Turkish Hotels. Anatolia-An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 24 (3), 427-437.

Lashley, C. (1995). Towards an Understanding of Employee Empowerment in Hospitality Services. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 7 (1), 27-32.

Lashley, C. (2001). Empowerment: HR Strategies for Service Excellence. Oxford: Butterworth & Heinemann.

Mathe, K. and Scott-Holsell, S. (2012). The Effects of Perceived External Prestige on Positive Psychological States in Quick Service Restaurants. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 11 (4), 254-372.

Meng, L., Jin, Y. and Guo, J. (2016). Mediating and/or Moderating Roles of Psychological Empowerment. Applied Nursing Research, 30, 104-110.

Menon, S. T., (2001). Employee Empowerment: An Integrative Psychological Approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50 (1), 153-180.

Milliken, F. J. and Morrison, E. W. (2003). Shades of Silence: Emerging Themes and Future Directions for Research on Silence in Organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), 1563-1568.

Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W. and Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues that Employees Don't Communicate Upward and Why? Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), 1453-1476.

Mondros, J. B. and Wilson, S. M. (1994). Organizing for Power and Empowerment. New York: Columbia University Press.

Morrison, E. W. and Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational Silence: A Barrier to Change and Development in a Pluralistic World. The Academy of Management Review, 25 (4), 706-725.

Pelit, E., Öztürk, Y. and Arslantürk, Y. (2011). The Effects of Employee Empowerment on Employee Job Satisfaction: A Study on Hotels in Turkey. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23 (6), 784-802.

Perkins, D. D. and Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment Theory, Research, and Application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23 (5), 569-579.

Perlow, L. A. and Repenning, N. P. (2009). The Dynamics of Silencing Conflict. Research in Organizational Behavior, 29, 195-223.

Piderit, S. K. and Ashford, S. J. (2003). Breaking Silence: Tactical Choices Women Managers Make in Speaking Up About Gender-Equity Issues. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), 1477- 1502.

Pinder, C. C. and Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee Silence: Quiescence and Acquiescence as Responses to Perceived Injustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20, 331-369.

Premeaux, S. F. and Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the Silence: The Moderating Effects of Self-Monitoring in Predicting Speaking Up in the Workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), 1537- 1562.

Quinn, R. E., and Spreitzer, G. M., (1997). The Road to Empowerment: Seven Questions Every Leader Should Consider. Organizational Dynamics, 26 (2), 37- 48.

Robbins, T. L., Crino, M. D., and Fredendall, L. D. (2002). An Integrative Model of the Empowerment Process. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 419-443.

Smith, A. C., and Mouly, V. S., (1998). Empowerment in New Zealand Firms: Insights from the Cases. Empowerment in Organizations, 6 (3), 69-80.

Spreitzer, G. M. (1995), Psychological Empowerment in the Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38 (5), 1442- 1465.

Spreitzer, G. M. (1996). Social Structural Characteristics of Psychological Empowerment. Academy of Management Journal, 39 (2), 483-504.

Spreitzer, G. M., Kizilos M. A, and Nason, S. W., (1997). A Dimensional Analysis of the Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Effectiveness, Satisfaction, and Strain. Journal of Management, 23 (5), 679-704.

Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S. C. and, Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to Lead: The Role of Psychological Empowerment in Leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 511-526.

Thomas, K. W., and Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An "Interpretive" Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation. Academy of Management Review, 15 (4), 666-681.

Van Dyne, L., Ang, S. and Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40 (6), 1359- 1392.

Wilkinson, A. (1998). Empowerment: Theory and Practice. Personnel Review, 27 (1), 40-56.

Zhou, J. and George, J. M. (2001). When Job Dissatisfaction Leads to Creativity: Encouraging the Expression of Voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44 (4), 682-696.