The Deconstruction of Women Image Through Advertising

Purpose – In our daily lives, we are faced with millions of products/services that are waiting to be consumed and ads are trying to govern individuals’ perception by using themes such as luxury, fantasy, beauty, attraction, entertainment and irritation. The goal of this study is to focus on advertising communication process through advertisement content creation as an effective tool. It is also necessary to draw attention to the importance of advertising content subjects and to argue how women are trivialized, underrepresented and objectified in advertising. Design/methodology/approach – This study is constructed through a qualitative analysis which uses convenient sampling method. The purpose of the study is to underline and advance theory, research and practice regarding the image of women as incompetent, useless, sexual objects and likened to a meta in advertisements from different sectors. Findings – It has been recognized through literature that various images in advertising has more impact power rather than the rest of the images. The portrayal of women in advertising has been believed to be the one of the most powerful images which is mostly used as an object- for increasing effectiveness, awareness, recall power and sales rate of the products. Specifically, findings have concluded that most of the advertisements purposely promote objectification of women to preclude their individual advancement in the society. Discussion – Objectification is an ethical concern that needs to be sensitively criticized and debated about “how the women should be portrayed?”. Specifically, advertising industry should consider effectively reproducing the image of ‘women’ according to society’s values and should not to represent their image in negative formats.

___

Ackerberg, D. A. (2001). Empirically Distinguishing Informative and Prestige Effects of Advertising, Journal of Economics, 32(2), 316-333.

Adams, C. J. (2016). The Carol J. Adams Reader: Writing and Conversations 1995-2015, USA, Bloomsburry Pub.

Barnes Jr., J. H. and Dotson, M. J. (1990). An exploratory investigation into the nature of offensive television advertising, Journal of Advertising, 19 (September), 61–69.

Bearden, W. & Etzel, M. (1982). Reference Group Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions, Journal of Consumer Research, 9 (September),183-194.

Belch, G. & Belch, M. (2012). Advertising and Promotion an Integrated Marketing Communication, 9th ed., New York, McGraw-Hill.

BelkaouI, A. and Belkaoui, J. M. (1976). A Comparative analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Print Advertisements: 1958, 1970, 1972, Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May). 168-172.

Bernard, P., Gervais, S., Allen, J., Campomizzi, S. and Klein, O. (2012). Integrating sexual objectification with object versus person recognition: The sexualized-body-inversion hypothesis, Psychological Science, 23. 469–471.

Biasia, F. Lurzer’s intertnational archive advertising worldwide, https://www.luerzersarchive.com/en/magazine/print-detail/francesco-biasia-21282.html, date of access, September 13, 2019.

Boddewyn, J. J. (2013.) Controlling sex and decency in advertising around the world, Journal of Advertising, 20(4). 25-35.

Booth, Paul (2010). Digital Fandom New Media Studies, New York, Peter Lang Pub.

Bordo, Susan (1989). The body and the reproduction of femininity: A feminist approppriation of Foucault, Jaggar, A. and Bordo, S. (Ed), Gender/Body/Knowledge: Feminist Reconstruction of Being and Knowing, London, Rutgers University Press, 13-33.

Botterill, J., Macrury, I. and Richards, B. (2013). The Dynamics of Advertising, London, Kindle Edition Routledge.

Cammaerts, Bart (2011). Disruptive sharing in a digital age: Rejecting neoliberalism?, Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies, 25(1), 47-62.

Courtney, A. F. and Lockeretz, S. W. (1971). A Woman's Place: Analysis of the Roles Portrayed by Women in Magazine Advertisements, Journal of Marketing Research, 8 (1), 92-95.

Cutler, B. D. & Javalgi, R. G. (1993). Analysis of Print Ad Features: Services Versus Products, Journal of Advertising Research, 33 (March/April), 62-69.

Davies, E. (2012). Successful Marketing in a Week: Teach Yourself, London, Hodder Education.

Dines, G., Jensen, R. & Gusso, A. (1998). Pornography: The Production and Consumption of Inequality, USA, Routledge.

Ducoffe, H. R. (1995). How Consumers Assess the Value of Advertising, Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 17 (Spring), 1-18.

Ducoffe, H. R. (1996), Advertising value and advertising on the web, Journal of Advertising Research, 36 (5), 21-35.

Duncan, T. and Moriarty, S. E. (1998). A Communication-Based Marketing Model for Managing Relationships, Journal of Marketing 62(2) (April), 1–13.

Fashion Channel, (2014). Cara Delevinge for Pepe Jeans London Behind the scene Fall Winter 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRZzBW-9MyM , date of access, September 13, 2019.

Feng, Y., Chen, H. and He, L. (2019). Consumer responses to Femvertising: A Data-Mining Case of Dove’s campaign for real beauty on YouTube, Journal of Advertising, 48, 292-301.

Ferguson, J. H., Kreshel, P. J. and Tinkham, S. E. (1990). In the Pages of Ms.: Sex role portrayals of Women in advertising, Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 40-51.

Fredrickson, B. L. and Roberts, T-A. (1997). Objectification Theory Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206.

Fritz, N. K. (1979). Claim recall and irritation in television commercial: An advertising effectiveness study, Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 7(1-2), 1-13.

Graber, D. A. (2010). Mass Media and American Politics, 8th ed. Washington, DC, CQ Press.

Grau, S. L. and Zotos, Y. C. (2016). Gender stereotypes in advertising: a review of current research, International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 761-770.

Green, D. (2013). The 10 Sleaziest Car ads of the Century” Business Insider, (30 March), https://www.businessinsider.com/sleaziest-car-ads-of-the-21st-century-2013-3 , date of access, September 13, 2019.

Gudekli, I. A. and Celik, I. (2014). Using woman in advertisement as a symbol of sex: cosmopolitan magazine example, Journal of Yasar University, 9(35), 6099-6260.

Hackley, C. (2005). Advertising and Promotion-Communicating Brands, London, Sage pub.

Hall, S. (1997). Representations: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, 1St Ed., London, Sage Pub.

Heflick, N. A. and Goldenberg, J. L. (2014). Seeing Eye to Body: The literal Objectification of Women, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(3), 225-229.

Kates, S. M. and Shaw-Garlock, G. (1999). The Ever Entangling Web: A Study of Ideologies and Discourses in Advertising to Women, Journal of Advertising, 28(2), 33-49.

Kilbourne, J. (2012). Advertising and Disconnection, Reicher, T. and Lambiase, J. (Ed.), Sex in Advertising Perspectives on the Erotic Appeal, NY, Routledge, 173-180.

Kim, N. Y. (2018). The Effect of Advertising Content Control on Advertising Effectiveness in The Different Forced Exposure Circumstance, Journal of Promotion Management, 24(6), 845-862.

Kose, H. (2011). Tüketim Toplumunda Bir ‘Sosyal Beden’ Kurgusu Olarak Kadın, Journal of Selcuk Communication, 6 (4), 76-89.

Kyrousi, A.G., Panigyrakis, G. G. and Panopoulos, A. P. (2016). Attitudes toward ads portraying women in decorative roles and female competition: an evolutionary psychology perspective, International Journal of Advertising, 35 (5), 771- 798.

Leigh, T. W., Rethans, A. J. and Whitney, T. R. (1987). Role portrayals of women in advertising: Cognitive responses and advertising effectiveness, Journal of Advertising Research, (October/November), 54-63.

Lundstrom, W. J., White, D. S. and Chopoorian, J. A. (1999). Attitudes of Contemporary European Women Toward Sex Role Portrayal, Company Image and Purchase Intention: The French versus U.S. Experience, Journal of Marketing Management, 15, 485-493.

Malthouse, E. C. and Li, H. (2017). Opportunities for and Pitfalls of Using Big Data in Advertising Research, Journal of Advertising, 46 (2), 227-235.

Mcguire, W. J. (1985). Attitudes and Attitude Change, Lindzey, G. and Aronson, E. (Ed.), Handbook of Social Psychology Vol. 2. Special Fields and Applications, 3rd, New York: Random House, 233-346.

Mick, D. G. and Politi, L. G. (1989).Consumers' Interpretations of Advertising Imagery: A Visit to the Hell of Connotation, Interpretive Consumer Research, 85-96.

Moore, D. J., Harris, W. D. and Chen, H. C. (1995). Affect intensity: An individual difference response to advertising appeals, Journal of Consumer Research, 22(2), 154-164.

Moriarty, S., Wells, W. and Burnett, J. (2006). Advertising Principles and Practices, 7th Ed., USA, Pearson.

Nan, X. and Faber R. J. (2004). Advertising Theory: Reconceptualizing the building blocks, Marketing Theory, 4(1/2),7-30.

Neumann M. M. and Neumann, D. L. (2015). Touch Screen Tablets and Emergent Literacy, Journal of Early Childhood Literacy, 17(2), 203-220.

Onay, A. (2017). Men in Turkey and Their Changing Images in Magazine Advertisements, Istanbul University of Faculty of Communication Journal, 53, 165-188.

Paxson, P. (2018). Mass Communications and Media Studies: An Introduction, 2nd Ed., New York, Bloomsbury Academic.

Pedersen, P. M. (2002). Examining equity in newspaper photographs, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37(3), 303-318.

Reichert, T. (2002). Sex in advertising research: A review of content, effects, and functions of sexual information in consumer advertising, Annual Review of Sex Research, 13(1), 241-273.

Richmond, D. and Hartman, T. (1982). Sex appeal in advertising, Journal of Advertising Research, 22, 53–61.

Rossiter, J. R. and Percy, L. (1985). Advertising Communication Models, Advances in Consumer Research, 12(1), 510-524.

Samsung (2010). True beauty is curved Campaign, https://www.adsoftheworld.com/media/print/samsung_true_beauty_is_curved , date of access, September 10, 2019.

Sharp,G. (2009). Redtape Shoes ‘Live Your Fantasy’ Campaing, https://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2009/12/26/redtape-shoes-live-your-fantasy-campaign/ date of access, September 12, 2019.

Soley, L. and Reid, L. N. (1988). Taking it off: Are models in magazine ads wearing less?, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 65 (Winter), 960-966.

Sparks, J. V. and Lang, A. (2015). Mechanisms underlying the effects of sexy and humorous content in advertisements, Communication Monographs, 82(1), 134-162.

Stern, Barbara B. (1988). How Does an Ad Mean? Language in Services Advertising, Journal of Advertising, 17 (2), 3-14.

Stern, Barbara B. (1989). Literary Criticism and Consumer Research: Overview and Illustrative Analysis, Journal of Consumer Research, 16 (Dec), 322-334.

Stern, Barbara B. (1994). A Revised Communication Model for Advertising: Multiple Dimensions of the Source, the Message, and the Recipient, Journal of Advertising, 23(2), 5-15.

Stern, B. L., Krugman, D. M. and Resnik, A. (1981). Magazine Advertising: An Analysis of Its Information Content, Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (April), 39-44.

Solomon, B. (1992). The 90’s woman makes strides down Madison Avenue, Management Review, 81(3), 11-16.

Sutcliffe, A. (2008). Multimedia and Virtual Reality Designing Multisensory User Interfaces, London: Taylor & Francis e-Library.

Taylor, Charles R. (2009). Editorial: The six principles of digital advertising, International Journal of Advertising, 28 (3), 411–418.

Turley, L.W. and Kelley, S. W. (1997). A Comparison of Advertising Content: Business to Business versus Consumer Services, Journal of Advertising, 26 (4), 39-48.

Ulusoy, B. S. (2007). Kadınlara Yönelik Reklamlarda Etik Sorunlar ve Yeni Paradigmalar, Halkla İlişkiler ve Reklam Üzerine Etik Değerlendirmeler, ed. İ. Sayımer and P. E. Yayınoglu, pp. 307-351, Istanbul, Beta.

Warne, C. E. (1962). Advertising-A Critic's View, Journal of Marketing, 26 (1), 10-14.

Whipple, T. W. and Courtney, A. E. (1985). Female role Portrayals in advertising and communication effectiveness: a review, Journal of Advertising, 14(3), 4-17.

Zimmerman, A. and Dahlberg, J. (2008). The sexual objectification of women in advertising: A contemporary cultural perspective, Journal of Advertising Research, 48(1): 71-79.
İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1309-0712
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2009
  • Yayıncı: Melih Topaloğlu
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Örgüt İkliminin Örgüt Temelli Özsaygı ve Öznel İyi Oluş Üzerindeki Etkisi: Kobi’ler Üzerinde Bir Araştırma

Tahir AKGEMCİ, Aleem ABDUL-KAREEM, Esra KIZILOĞLU

The Deconstruction of Women Image Through Advertising

Didem Zeynep BAYAZIT

Örgütsel Yeşil Davranışlara Yönelten Güdüler: Özel Okul Öğretmenleri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Eylem BAYRAKÇI, Mehmet DİNÇ

Predictive Power of Humor Types in Explaining Leadership Styles in Different Organizations

Muammer ERGÜN, Mustafa Öztürk AKCAOĞLU

Ziyaret Tercihine Göre Alışveriş Merkezlerinin Marka Kişiliği Algı Farklılıklarının İncelenmesi

Pınar KAYIKÇI, Emrah CENGİZ

Konaklama İşletmelerinde İş-Aile Çatışmasının İşe Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkisinin Belirlemeye Yönelik Araştırma

Erdal YILMAZ, Sevil GASİMOVA

Toplu Yemek Firmalarında Uygulanan Personel Güçlendirmenin, Personel Memnuniyeti, Kurum Aidiyeti ve Kurum İçi İmaja Olan Etkisinin Belirlenmesi

Mehmet Ali KAPLAN, Muammer BEZİRGAN

Orman, Kâğıt ve Basım Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Finansal Performanslarının Ölçülmesi: Borsa İstanbul’da Bir TOPSİS Uygulaması

Bülent YILDIZ, Muammer ERDOĞAN

Altman’s Z”-Score to Predict Accounting Based Financial Distress of Municipalities: Bankruptcy Risk Map for Metropolitan Municipalities in Turkey

Ali KABLAN

Hisse Fiyatları ile Yabancı Yatırımcı Ticareti Arasındaki İlişki: Borsa İstanbul’da İşlem Gören Bankalar Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Bekir KAYA