İş-Aile/Aile-İş Çatışması ile Mücadele Etmenin Bir Yolu Olarak Sosyal Zekanın Keşfedilmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

İnsanoğlunun yaşam kurgusu günümüzde yoğun olarak ev ve iş ikilemine odaklanmıştır. Daima korunmaya çalışılan bu iki kurumun doyumsuz beklentileri bireyin aklında hep dönüp durmaktadır. Birbirine rakip beklentiler arasında uyum sağlanamadığında ise iş-aile/aile-iş çatışması doğmaktadır. İş ve aile arasındaki gerilimin diğer insanlarla iyi ilişkiler kurma becerisini güçlü kılan sosyal zeka ile idare edilip edilemeyeceği ise merak konusudur. Araştırmanın amacı, sosyal zekayı örgütsel bağlamda ele almak ve sosyal zekanın iş-aile/aile-iş çatışmasını azaltıcı bir rol üstlenip üstlenmediğini ortaya koymaktır. Elde edilen bulgularda sosyal zekanın ve sosyal zekayı oluşturan tüm boyutların aile-iş çatışması ile negatif yönlü ve anlamlı ilişkili olduğu ve sosyal zekanın aile-iş çatışmasını azaltıcı rol sergilediği tespit edilmiştir.

A research for Exploring the Social Intelligence as a Way of Coping with Work-Family (WFC)/Family-Work (FWC) Conflict

In today, life fiction of humanbeing has intensively focused on work and home dilemma. Greedy expectations of these two institution (which are always tried to be protected) are always in the mind of the individual. If harmony between competing expectations cannot be achieved, work-family/family-work conflict arises. It is wondered that whether or not the tension between work and family can be managed with social intelligence, in which it makes strong the ability of establishing good relations with other people. The aim of this study is examining social intelligence in organizational context and exhibiting whether or not social intelligence takes a reducing role for work-family/family-work conflict. Findings of the study suggest that social intelligence and its all dimensions have negatively and significantly related with family-work conflict and social intelligence takes a role in reducing family-work conflict.

PDF

___

Ahmad, A. & Omar, Z. (2013). Informal workplace family support and turnover intention: Testing a mediation model. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(4), 555- 556.
Albrecht, K. (2005). Social intelligence: The new science of success. New York: Pfeiffer Publisher.
Aslan, Ş. (2008). Duygusal zeka, bireylerarası çatışmayı çözümleme yöntemleriyle ilişkili midir? Schutte'nın duygusal zeka ölçeğinin geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(3), 179-200.
Başaran, B. I. (2004). Etkili öğrenme ve çoklu zeka kuramı: Bir inceleme. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 5, 7-15.
Beham, B. (2011). Work family conflict and organisational citizenship behaviour: empirical evidence from Spanish employees. Community, Work & Family, 14(1), 63-80.
Biggart, L., Corr, P., O'Brien, M. & Cooper, N. (2010). Trait emotional intelligence and work-family conflict in fathers. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(8), 911- 916.
Birknerova, Z., Frankovsky, M. & Zbihlejova, L. (2013). Social intelligence in the context of personality traits of teachers. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(7), 11-17.
Boyar, S. L., Carson, C. M., Mosley, D. C., Maertz, C. P. & Pearson, A. W. (2006). Assessment of the validity of Netemeyer et al.'s (1996) WFC and FWC scales. International Journal of Conflict Management, 17(1), 34-44.
Boyatzis, R. E. (2011). Managerial and leadership competencies: A behavioral approach to emotional, social and cognitive intelligence. Vision, 15(2), 91-100.
Boyatzis, R. E., Good, D. & Massa, R. (2012). Emotional, social, and cognitive intelligence and personality as predictors of sales leadership performance. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 19(2), 191-201.
Boyatzis, R. E. & Saatçioğlu, A. (2008). A 20-year view of trying to develop emotional, social and cognitive intelligence competencies in graduate management education. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 92-108.
Bragger, J. D., Rodriguez-Srednicki, O, Kutcher, E. J., Indovino, L. & Rosner, E. (2005). Work-family conflict, work-family culture, and organizational citizenship behavior among teachers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 20(2), 303-324.
Breevaart, K. & Bakker, A. B. (2011). Working parents of children with behavioral problems: A study on the family work interface. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24(3), 239-253.
Burke, R. J., Koyuncu, M. & Fiksenb, L. (2013). Antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict and family-work conflict among frontline employees in Turkish hotels. The IUP Journal of Management Research, XII(4), 39-55.
Cacioppo, J. T. & Berntson, G. G. (1992). Social psychological contributions to the decade of the brain: Doctrine of multilevel analysis. American Psychologist, 47(8), 1019-1028.
Camgoz, S. M. (2014). The role of savoring in work-family conflict. Social Behavior and Personality, 42(2), 177-188.
Carmeli, A. (2003). The relationship between emotional intelligence and work attitudes, behavior and outcomes: An examination among senior managers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(8), 788-813.
Chapin, F. S. (1939). Social participation and social intelligence. American Sociological Review, 4(2), 157-166.
Crowne, K. A. (2009). The relationships among social intelligence, emotional intelligence and cultural intelligence. Organization Management Journal, 6, 148- 163.
Çelik, M. & Turunç, Ö. (2011). Duygusal emek ve psikolojik sıkıntı: İş-aile çatışmasının aracılık etkisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 40(2), 226-250.
Delic, L., Novak, P., Kovacic, J. & Avsec, A. (2011). Self-reported emotional and social intelligence and empathy as distinctive predictors of narcissism. Psychological Topics, 20(3), 477-488.
Doğan, T. & Çetin, B. (2008). Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyal zeka düzeylerinin depresyon ve bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 1-19.
Doğan, T. & Çetin, B. (2009). Tromso sosyal zeka ölçeği Türkçe formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 9(2), 691-720.
Dong, Q., Koper, R. J. & Collaço, C. M. (2008). Social intelligence, self-esteem, and intercultural communication sensitivity. Intercultural Communication Studies, XVII(2), 162-172.
Efeoğlu, İ. E. (2006). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş stresi, iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri: İlaç sektöründe bir araştırma. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
Emmerling, R. J. & Boyatzis, R. E. (2012). Emotional and social intelligence competencies: Cross cultural implications. Cross Cultural Management, 19(1), 4- 18.
Epçaçan, C. (2013). Çoklu zeka kuramına dayalı öğretim uygulamalarının öğrencilerin okuduğunu anlama becerilerine etkisi. Turkish Studies, 8(1), 1335-1353.
Erdamar, G. & Demirel, H. (2014). Investigation of work-family, family-work conflict of the teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 4919-4924.
Eshghi, P., Arofzad, S. & Hosaini, T. A. (2013). Relationship between social intelligence with effective influence among physical education expertise in Isfahan Education Organizations. World Applied Sciences Journal, 28(12), 2177-2181.
Fox, M. F., Fonseca, C. & Bao, J. (2011). Work and family conflict in academic science: Patterns and predictors among women and men in research universities. Social Studies of Science, 41(5), 715-735.
Frye, N. K. & Breaugh, J. A. (2004). Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19(2), 197-220.
Gallie, D. & Russell, H. (2009). Work-family conflict and working conditions in Western Europe. Soc. Indic. Res., 93, 445-467.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. USA: Basic Books.
Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory in practice. USA: Basic Books.
Gareis, K. C., Barnett, R. C., Ertel, K. A. & Berkman, L. F. (2009). Work-family enrichment and conflict: Additive effects, buffering, or balance?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 696-707.
Goleman, D. (2006). Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships. New York: Bantam Dell.
Goleman, D. & Boyatzis, R. E. (2008). Social intelligence and the biology of leadership. Harvard Business Review, September, 74-81.
Greenhaus, J. H. & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. The Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76-88.
Gürel, E. & Tat, M. (2010). Çoklu zeka kuramı: Tekli zeka anlayışından çoklu zeka yaklaşımına. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(11), 336-356.
Haar, J. (2008). Work-family conflict and job outcomes : The moderating effects of flexitime use in a New Zealand organization. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 33(1), 38-54.
Habib, S., Saleem, S. & Mahmood, Z. (2013). Development and validation of social intelligence scale for university students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 28(1), 65-83.
Hampel, S., Weis, S., Hiller, W. & Witthöft, M. (2011). The relations between social anxiety and social intelligence: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 545-553.
Heggestad, E. D. (2008). A really big picture view of social intelligence. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(1), 102-104.
Hernez-Broome, G. (2012). Book Review: "Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships". Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 3(2), 75-78.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524.
Hopkins, M. M. & Bilimoria, D. (2008). Social and emotional competencies predicting success for male and female executives. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 13-35.
Howard, W. G., Donofrio, H. H. & Boles, J. S. (2004). Inter-domain work-family, family-work conflict and police work satisfaction. Policing, 27(3), 380-395.
Hsu, Y. R. (2011). Work-family conflict and job satisfaction in stressful working environments: The moderating roles of perceived supervisor support and internal locus of control. International Journal of Manpower, 32(2), 233-248.
Innstrand, S. T., Langballe, E. M., Espnes, G. A., Falkum, E. & Aasland, O. G. (2008). Positive and negative work family interaction and burnout: A longitudinal study of reciprocal relations. Work & Stress, 22(1), 1-15.
İlhan, M. & Çetin, B. (2014). Sosyal ve kültürel zeka arasındaki ilişkinin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Education, 3(2), 4-15.
Kalliath, P. & Kalliath, T. (2014). Work-family conflict: Coping strategies adopted by social workers. Journal of Social Work Practice: Psychotherapeutic Approaches in Health, Welfare and the Community, 28(1), 111-126.
Kappagoda, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of work-family conflict among school teachers in North Central Province in Sri Lanka. The IUP Journal of Organizational Behavior, XIII(3), 53-68.
Kinga, S. & Ibolya, K. (2013). The predictive value of social intelligence for cooperative behavior in a task-oriented interaction paradigm: A pilot study. Transylvanian Journal of Psychology, 14(2), 255-274.
Kinga, S. & Istvan, S. (2012). Relationship between social creativity and social intelligence, and their cognitive correlates. Transylvanian Journal of Psychology, 13(1), 39-62.
Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T., Mauno, S. & Rantanen, J. (2010). Interface between work and family: A longitudinal individual and crossover perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 119-137.
Kosmitzki, C. & John, O.P. (1993). The implicit use of explicit conceptions of social intelligence. Personality & Individual Differences, 15, 11-23.
Kumar, J. S. & Iyer, V. R. (2012). Emotional intelligence and quality of work-life among employees in the educational institutions. SIES Journal of Management, 8(2), 21-26.
Law, L. K. (2011). The impact of work-family conflict on Chinese employees. Marriage & Family Review, 47(8), 590-604.
Lee, S., Kim, S. L., Park, E. K. & Yun, S. (2013). Social support, work-family conflict, and emotional exhaustion in South Korea. Psychological Reports: Relationships & Communications, 113(2), 619-634.
Lenaghan, J. A., Buda, R. & Eisner, A. B. (2007). An examination of the role of emotional intelligence in work and family conflict. Journal of Managerial Issues, XIX(1), 76-94.
Li, C., Lu, J. & Zhang, Y. (2013). Cross-domain effects of work-family conflict on organizational commitment and performance. Social Behavior and Personality, 41(10), 1641-1654.
Lu, J., Tjosvold, D., Shi, K. & Wang, B. (2012). Developing work-family balance through conflict management. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 77-88.
Maertz, C. P. & Boyar, S. L. (2011). Work-family conflict, enrichment, and balance under "levels" and "episodes" approaches. Journal of Management, 37(1), 68-98.
Makela, L. & Suutari, V. (2011). Coping With Work-Family Conflicts in the Global Career Context. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(3), 365-375.
Marlowe, H. A. (1986). Social intelligence: Evidence for multidimensionality and construct independence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 78(1), 52-58.
Mathis, C. J., Brown, U. J. & Randle, N. W. (2009). Antecedents and outcomes of WFC: Racioethnic differences among working professionals with families. Journal of International Business Disciplines, 4(1), 14-35.
Nebioğlu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S. & Eroğlu, Y. (2012). The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the brief self-control scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoioji Bülteni, 22(4), 340-351.
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S. & McMurrian R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(4), 400-410.
Neuringer, C. (2001). The social intelligence of acting student. The Journal of Psychology, 125(5), 549-556.
Njoroge, C. N. & Yazdanifard, R. (2014). The impact of social and emotional intelligence on employee motivation in a multigenerational workplace. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 6(4), 163-170.
Ohta, H., Wada, K., Kawashima, M., Arimatsu, M, Higashi, T., Yoshikawa, T. & Aizawa, Y. (2011). Work-family conflict and prolonged fatigue among Japanese married male physicians. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 84, 937-942.
Özdevecioğlu, M. & Çakmak-Doruk, N. (2009). Organizasyonlarda iş-aile aile-iş çatışmalarının çalışanların iş ve yaşam tatminleri üzerindeki etkisi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 69-99.
Rahim, M. A. (2014). A Structural Equations Model of Leaders' Social Intelligence and Creative Performance. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23(1), 44-56.
Saxena, S. & Jain, R. K. (2013). Social intelligence of undergraduate students in relation to their gender and subject stream. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 1(1), 1-4.
Seal, C. R., Boyatzis, R. E. & Bailey, J. R. (2006). Fostering emotional and social intelligence in organizations. Organization Management Journal Linking Theory & Practice: EAM White Papers Series, 3(3), 190-209.
Shelton, A. (2012). Improving your spatial IQ can lift your social IQ. Harvard Business Review, January-February, 32-33.
Sigmar, L. S., Hynes, G. E. & Hill, K. L. (2012). Strategies for teaching social and emotional intelligence in business communication. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(3), 301-317.
Silvera, D.H., Martinussen, M. & Dahl, T.I. (2001). The Tromso Social Intelligence Scale: A self-report measure of social intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 42, 313-319.
Smith, K. J. (2011). Work-family conflict and job burnout among correctional staff: A comment on Lambert and Hogan. Psychological Report, 108(1), 23-26.
Stewart, L. M. (2013). Family care responsibilities and employment: Exploring the impact of type of family care on work-family and family-work conflict. Journal of Family Issues, 34(1), 113-138.
Suliman, A. M. & Al-Shaikh, F. N. (2007). Emotional intelligence at Work: Links to conflict and innovation. Employee Relations, 29(2), 208-220.
Tayfur, O. & Arslan, M. (2012). Algılanan iş yükünün tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: İş-aile çatışmasının aracı rolü. H.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1), 147-172.
Tayfur, O. & Arslan, M. (2013). The role of lack of reciprocity, supervisory support, workload and work-family conflict on exhaustion: Evidence from physicians. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 18(5), 564-575.
Thakur, R., Sharma, S. & Pathania, R. (2013). Social intelligence of adolescents : A study of Himachal Pradesh. Stud. Home Com. Sci., 7(3), 161-166.
Turunç, Ö. & Çelik, M. (2010). Algılanan örgütsel desteğin çalışanların iş-aile, aile-iş çatışması, örgütsel özdeşleşme ve işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: Savunma sektöründe bir araştırma. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(1), 209-232.
Van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M. & Beijer, S. E. (2012). Workload, work-to-family conflict, and health: Gender differences and the influence of private life context. Journal of Social Issues, 68(4), 665-683.
Vercruyssen, A. & Van de Putte, B. (2013). Work-family conflict and stress: Indications of the distinctiveness of role combination stress for Belgian working mothers. Community, Work & Family, 16(4), 351-371.
Wan Rashid, W. E., Nordin, M. S., Omar, A. & Ismail, I. (2012). Work/family conflict: The link between self-esteem and satisfaction outcomes. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 564-569.
Wang, Y., Chang, Y., Fu, J. & Wang, L. (2012). Work-family conflict and burnout among Chinese female nurses: The mediating effect of psychological capital. BMC Public Health, 12, 915.
Wawra, D. (2009). Social intelligence. European Journal of English Studies, 13(2), 163-177.
Williams, H. W. (2008). Characteristics that distinguish outstanding urban principals: Emotional intelligence, social intelligence and environmental adaptation. Journal of Management Development, 27(1), 36-54.
Yeh, Z. T. (2013). Role of theory of mind and executive function in explaining social intelligence: A structural equation modeling approach. Aging & Mental Health, 17(5), 527-534.
Yu, M. C, Lee, Y. D. & Tsai, B. C. (2010). Relationships among stressors, work-family conflict, and emotional exhaustion: A study of electronics industry employees in China. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(6), 829-844.