Hindrance Stressors, Career Plateau, Work-Related Depression and Emotional Exhaustion among Flight Attendants

Purpose – The present study bears numbers of prospective contributions by pointing to neglected issues in hospitality management and service literature. Specifically, it applied job demands-resources model to test a conceptual model to check whether career plateau (CP) acts as a mediator in the relation between hindrance stressors (HSs), work-related depression (WRD) and emotional exhaustion (EE). Design/methodology/approach – Data was collected from flight attendants in public and private airlines in Iran via their direct supervisors through judgmental sampling technique. One-hundred ninety-two flight attendants participated in the study. Structural equation modelingwas applied for data analysis. Findings – The results confirm that HSs are significantly associated with CP and CP is directly related to WRD and EE. The results similarly proved that CP acts as a mediator in the aforementioned relationships. Discussion – This study connects HSs on WRD and EE through CP. Inspecting the mediation impacts of CP in this relation seems noteworthy since it is largely overlooked in the relevant service literature. The results showed that HSs enhance CP. Moreover, the existence of CP elevates strain. That is, plateaued employees feel ignored by their organizations, and this boosts their feeling of WRD and EE. Implications – Managers should help crew members in understanding their responsibilities through establishing a clear job description consisting of clear responsibilities, tasks and goals. Managers should take proactive approaches to decrease job demands and deal with plateaued employees. They should put enough effort into changing these employees’ perceptions and negative attitudes toward their job.

___

Alam, M. A. (2016). Techno-stress and productivity: Survey evidence from the aviation industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 50, 62-70.

Alola, U. V., Olugbade, O. A., Avci, T., & Öztüren, A. (2019). Customer incivility and employees' outcomes in the hotel: Testing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 9- 17.

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.

Arnold, J.; Cooper, C.L.; Robertson, I.T. Work Psychology: Understanding Human Behavior in the Workplace. (Third Edition) Harlow, England: Prentice Hall, 1998.

Baba, V. V., Galperin, B. L., & Lituchy, T. R. (1999). Occupational mental health: A study of work-related depression among nurses in the Caribbean. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 36(2), 163–169.

Babakus, E., Yavas, U., & Karatepe, O. M. (2017). Work engagement and turnover intentions: Correlates and customer orientation as a moderator. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(6), 1580–1598.

Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands-resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22 (3), 309-328.

Ballard, T. J., Romito, P., Lauria, L., Vigiliano, V., Caldora, M., Mazzanti, C., & Verdecchia, A. (2006). Selfperceived health and mental health among women flight attendants. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(1), 33-38.

Bardwick, J. M. (1986). The plateauing trap: How to avoid it in your career…and your life. New York: Amacom.

Bardwick, J. M. (1986). The plateauing trap: How to avoid it in your career... and your life. American Management Association.

Beheshtifar, M., & Modaber, H. (2013). The investigation of relation between occupational stress and career plateau. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 4(11), 650-660.

Blau, B. (1978). Understanding mid-career stress. Management Review, 67(8),57-62.

Bowen, P., Edwards, P., Lingard, H., & Cattell, K. (2014). Occupational stress and job demand, control and support factors among construction project consultants. International Journal of Project Management, 32(7), 1273–1284.

Cavanaugh, M. A., Boswell, W. R., Roehling, M. V., & Boudreau, J. W. (2000). An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among US managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 64-74.

Chang, C. P., & Ju-Mei, C. H. I. U. (2009). Flight attendants’ emotional labor and exhaustion in the Taiwanese airline industry. Journal of Service Science and Management, 2(4), 305-311.

Chao, G. T. (1990). Exploration of the conceptualization and measurement of career plateau: A comparative analysis. Journal of Management, 16(1), 181-193.

Chen, C. F., & Kao, Y. L. (2011). The antecedents and consequences of job stress of flight attendants–Evidence from Taiwan. Journal of Air Transport Management, 17(4), 253-255.

Chen, K. Y., Chang, C. W., & Wang, C. H. (2019). Frontline employees’ passion and emotional exhaustion: the mediating role of emotional labor strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 163-172.

Chen, S. C. (2017). Paternalistic leadership and cabin crews’ upward safety communication: The motivation of voice behavior. Journal of Air Transport Management, 62, 44-53.

Choi, K. S., & Kang, S. K. (2010). Occupational psychiatric disorders in Korea. Journal of Korean medical science, 25(Suppl), S87-S93.

Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: a theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848.

Cynkar, A. (2007). Whole workplace health. Monitor on Psychology, 38, 28–31.

Demerouti E, AB Bakker, F Nachreiner and W Schaufeli (2001) The job demands–resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology 86(3), 499–512.

Donald, I., Taylor, P., Johnson, S., Cooper, C., Cartwright, S., & Robertson, S. (2005). Work environments, stress, and productivity: An examination using ASSET. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(4), 409–423.

Dreher, G. F., & Ash, R. A. (1990). A comparative study of mentoring among men and women in managerial, professional, and technical positions. Journal of applied psychology, 75(5), 539–546

Feijo, D., Luiz, R. R., & Camara, V. M. (2014). Common mental disorders among civil aviation flight attendants. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 85(4), 433-439.

Feldman, D. C., & Weitz, B. A. (1988). Career plateaus reconsidered. Journal of Management, 14, 69–80.

Ference, T. P., Stoner, J. A. F., & Warren, E. K. (1977). Managing the career plateau. Academy of Management Review, 2, 602–612.

Ference, T. P., Stoner, J. A. F., & Warren, E. K. (1977). Managing the career plateau. Academy of Management Review, 2(4), 602–612.

Fong, L. H. N., Chui, P. M. W., Cheong, I. S. C., & Fong, D. K. C. (2018). Moderating effects of social support on job stress and turnover intentions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(7), 795-810.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.

Fortes-Ferreira, L., Peiró, J.M., González-Morales, M.G., Martín, I., 2006. Work-related stress and well-being: the roles of direct action coping. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 47(4), 293–302.

French, K. A., Allen, T. D., & Henderson, T. G. (2019). Challenge and hindrance stressors in relation to sleep. Social Science & Medicine, 222, 145-153.

Fried, Y., Shirom, A., Gilboa, S., & Cooper, C. L. (2008). The mediating effects of job satisfaction and propensity to leave on role stress-job performance relationships: Combining meta-analysis and structural equation modeling. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(4), 305–328.

Geng, Z., Liu, C., Liu, X., & Feng, J. (2014). The effects of emotional labor on frontline employee creativity. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(7), 1046-1064.

Geng, Z., Liu, C., Liu, X., & Feng, J., (2014) "The effects of emotional labor on frontline employee creativity", International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(7), 1046-1064.

Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & DiRenzo, M. (2008). A boundaryless perspective on careers. Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 1, 277-299.

Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.

Heilmann, S. G., Holt, D. T., & Rilovick, C. Y. (2008). Effects of career plateauing on turnover: A test of a model. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(1), 59-68.

Hurst, C. S., Kungu, K., & Flott, P. (2012). Stress, organizational citizenship behaviors, and coping: Comparisons among plateaued and non-plateaued employees. Business and Management Research, 1, 17–27.

Janssen, P.P.M., Schaufeli, W.B. and Houkes, I. (1999), “Work-related and individual determinants of the three burnout dimensions”, Work and Stress, 13(1), 74-86.

Jex, S. M., Crossley C.D., (2005). Organizational consequences. In Barling J, Kelloway EK.

Joreskog, K., & Sorbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8: User’s Reference Guide. Chicago: Scientific Software International, Inc.

Jou, R. C., Kuo, C. W., & Tang, M. L. (2013). A study of job stress and turnover tendency among air traffic controllers: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 57, 95-104.

Karatepe, O. M. (2013). The effects of work overload and work-family conflict on job embeddedness and job performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 25(4), 614-634.

Karatepe, O. M., & Choubtarash, H. (2014). The effects of perceived crowding, emotional dissonance, and emotional exhaustion on critical job outcomes: A study of ground staff in the airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 40, 182-191.

Karatepe, O. M., & Ehsani, E. (2012). Work-related depression in frontline service jobs in the hospitality industry: Evidence from Iran. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 11(1), 16-35.

Karatepe, O. M., & Kim, T. T. (2020). Investigating the selected consequences of boreout among cabin crew. Journal of Air Transport Management, 82, 101739.

Karatepe, O. M., & Shahriari, S. (2014). Job embeddedness as a moderator of the impact of organisational justice on turnover intentions: A study in Iran. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(1), 22-32.

Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 3rd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Ko, S. H. (2018). A Study on the Structural Relationship between Role Stress and Creative Self-Efficacy and Creativity among Flight Attendants. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 118(24).

Kuhn, R. (1988). Psychological tests reduce counterproductive acts by employees. Assets Protection, 9, 9–12.

Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., Dial, K. C., Altheimer, I., & Barton-bellessa, S. M. (2012). Examining the effects of stressors on organizational citizenship behaviors among private correctional staff: A preliminary study. Security Journal, 25(2), 152–172.

Lambert, V.A., Lambert, C.E., Petrini, M., & Li, X.M. (2007). Predictors of physical and mental health in hospital nurses within the People’s Republic of China. International nursing review, 54(1), 85-91.

Lane, M. S., & Klenke, K. (2004). The ambiguity tolerance interface: A modified social cognitive model for leading under uncertainty. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 10(3), 69–81.

Lankau, M. J., & Scandura, T. A. (2002). An investigation of personal learning in mentoring relationships: Content, antecedents, and consequences. Academy of Management Journal, 45(4), 779–790.

Lapalme, M. È., Tremblay, M., & Simard, G. (2009). The relationship between career plateauing, employee commitment and psychological distress: The role of organizational and supervisor support. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(5), 1132-1145.

Lazarus, R. S. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 1–21

Lee, J. S., Joo, E. J., & Choi, K. S. (2013). Perceived stress and self-esteem mediate the effects of work-related stress on depression. Stress and Health, 29(1), 75-81.

Lee, P. C. B. (2003). Going beyond career plateau: Using professional plateau to account for work outcomes. Journal of Management Development, 22(6), 538–551.

Lee, R.T., & Ashforth, B.E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123–133.

Lee, S., & Kim, J. K. (2018). Factors contributing to the risk of airline pilot fatigue. Journal of Air Transport Management, 67, 197-207.

LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764–775.

Li, X., Sanders, K., & Frenkel, S. (2012). How leader-member exchange, work engagement and HRM consistency explain Chinese luxury hotel employees' job performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1059–1066.

Lin, M., & Ling, Q. (2018). Is role stress always harmful? Differentiating role overload and role ambiguity in the challenge-hindrance stressors framework. Tourism Management, 68, 355-366.

Lin, Y. C., Chen, A. S. Y., & Lai, Y. T. (2018). Breach or bridge your career? Understanding the relationship between career plateau and internal employability. Personnel Review, 47(5), 986-1002.

Llorens, S., Bakker, A.B., Schaufeli, W. and Salanova, M. (2006), “Testing the robustness of the job demandsresources model”, International Journal of Stress Management, 13(3). 378-391.

Lv, Q., Xu, S., & Ji, H. (2012). Emotional labor strategies, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intention: An empirical study of Chinese hotel employees. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 11(2), 87-105.

Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113.

Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498-512.

McGorry, S. Y. (2000). Measurement in a cross-cultural environment: survey translation issues. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 3(2), 74-81.

McLain, D. L., Kefallonitis, E., & Armani, K. (2015). Ambiguity tolerance in organizations: Definitional clarification and perspectives on future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1–7.

Milliman, J. F. (1992). Causes, consequences, and moderating factors of career plateauing. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Montgomery, A., Spânu, F., Bəban, A., & Panagopoulou, E. (2015). Job demands, burnout, and engagement among nurses: A multi-level analysis of ORCAB data investigating the moderating effect of teamwork. Burnout Research, 2(2–3), 71–79.

Morakabati, Y. (2011). Deterrents to tourism development in Iran. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 103-123.

O’neill, J. W., & Davis, K. (2011). Work stress and well-being in the hotel industry. International Journal f Hospitality Management, 30(2), 385-390.

Office of Applied Studies. (2007). Depression among adults employed full-time, by occupational category. The NSDUH Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Öge, E., Cetin, M., & Top, S. (2018). The effects of paternalistic leadership on workplace loneliness, work family conflict and work engagement among air traffic controllers in Turkey. Journal of Air Transport Management, 66, 25-35.

Olugbade, O. A., & Karatepe, O. M. (2019). Stressors, work engagement and their effects on hotel employee outcomes. The Service Industries Journal, 39(3-4), 279-298.

Ortqvist, D., & Wincent, J. (2006). Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Stress Management, 13(4), 399–422.

Ozer, M., Chang, C. H. D., & Schaubroeck, J. M. (2014). Contextual moderators of the relationship between organisational citizenship behaviours and challenge and hindrance stress. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(3), 557–578.

Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A metaanalysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438–454.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 539-569.

Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.

Rathi, N., & Lee, K. (2016). Emotional exhaustion and work attitudes: Moderating effect of personality among frontline hospitality employees. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 15(3), 231-251.

Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2), 150-163.

Rodell, J. B., & Judge, T. A. (2009). Can “good” stressors spark “bad” behaviors? The mediating role of emotions in links of challenge and hindrance stressors with citizenship and counterproductive behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1438.

Rotondo, D. M., & Perrewé, P. L. (2000). Coping With a Career Plateau: An Empirical Examination of What Works and What Doesn't . Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(12), 2622-2646.

Safavi, H. P., & Bouzari, M. (2019). The association of psychological capital, career adaptability and career competency among hotel frontline employees. Tourism Management Perspectives, 30, 65-74.

Salami, S. O. (2010). Career plateauing and work attitudes: Moderating effects of mentoring others with Nigerian employees. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 6(4), 71-92.

Schaufeli WB and D Enzmann (1988) The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis. Taylor and Francis, London.

Shabeer, S., Mohammed, S. J., Jawahar, I. J., & Bilal, A. R. (2019). The mediating influence of fit perceptions in the relationship between career adaptability and job content and hierarchical plateaus. Journal of Career Development, 46(3), 332-345.

Shahin, A., & Dabestani, R. (2010). Correlation analysis of service quality gaps in a four-star hotel in Iran. International Business Research, 3(3), 40-46.

Sonnentag, S., & Natter, E. (2004). Flight attendants' daily recovery from work: Is there no place like home? International Journal of Stress Management, 11(4), 366–391.

Steffy, B. D., Jones, J. W., Murphy, L. R., & Kunz, L. (1986). A demonstration of the impact of stress abatement programs on reducing employee's accidents and their costs. American Journal of Health Promotion, 1(2), 25–32.

Tekleab, A. G., & Taylor, M. S. (2003). Aren't there two parties in an employment relationship? Antecedents and consequences of organization–employee agreement on contract obligations and violations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 585–608.

Tims, M., Bakker, A. B., & Derks, D. (2013). The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(2), 230–240.

Tourigny, L., Baba, V.V., & Wang, X. (2010). Stress episode in aviation: the case of China. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 17(1), 62–78.

Tsaur, S. H., & Tang, Y. Y. (2012). Job stress and well-being of female employees in hospitality: The role of regulatory leisure coping styles. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), 1038-1044.

Tytherleigh, M. Y., Jacobs, P. A., Webb, C., Ricketts, C., & Cooper, C. (2007). Gender, Health and Stress in English University Staff—Exposure or Vulnerability? Applied Psychology, 56(2), 267-287.

Vandevala, T., Pavey, L., Chelidoni, O., Chang, N. F., Creagh-Brown, B., & Cox, A. (2017). Psychological rumination and recovery from work in intensive care professionals: associations with stress, burnout, depression and health. Journal of Intensive Care, 5(1), 1-8.

Vatankhah, S., Javid, E., & Raoofi, A. (2017). Perceived organizational support as the mediator of the relationships between high-performance work practices and counter-productive work behavior: Evidence from airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 107-115.

Wallace, J. C., Edwards, B. D., Arnold, T., Frazier, M. L., & Finch, D. M. (2009). Work stressors, role-based performance, and the moderating influence of organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 94(1), 254.

Wang, Y.-H., Hu, C., Hurst, C. S., & Yang, C.-C. (2014). Antecedents and outcomes of career plateaus: The roles of mentoring others and proactive personality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 319–328.

Webster, J. R., Beehr, T. A., & Love, K. (2011). Extending the challenge-hindrance model of occupational stress: The role of appraisal. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 505–516.

Wickramasinghe, V., & Jayaweera, M. (2010). Impact of career plateau and supervisory support on career satisfaction: A study in offshore outsourced IT firms in Sri Lanka. Career Development International, 15(6), 544-561.

Yang, W. N., Johnson, S., & Niven, K. (2018). “That's not what I signed up for!” A longitudinal investigation of the impact of unmet expectation and age in the relation between career plateau and job attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 71-85.

Yang, W. N., Niven, K., & Johnson, S. (2019). Career plateau: A review of 40 years of research. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 110, 286-302.

Zamani-Farahani, H., & Henderson, J. C. (2010). Islamic tourism and managing tourism development in Islamic societies: the cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia. International journal of tourism research, 12(1), 79-89.

Zhao, H., Wayne, S. J., Glibkowski, B. C., & Bravo, J. (2007). The impact of psychological contract breach on work-related outcomes: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 60, 647–680.

Zhong, J. I. E., You, J., Gan, Y., Zhang, Y., Lu, C., & Wang, H. (2009). Job stress, burnout, depression symptoms, and physical health among Chinese university teachers. Psychological Reports, 105(3), 1248-1254.
İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1309-0712
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 2009
  • Yayıncı: Melih Topaloğlu
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Katılım Bankaları Kar Payı Oranlarını Etkileyen Faktörler: Mevduat Faiz Oranları ve Kar Payı Oranlarının Yakınlığıyla İlgili Bir Değerlendirme

Mehmet Kemalettin ÇONKAR, Halilibrahim GÖKGÖZ

Covid 19 Salgınının Turistik Restoranlara Etkisi Üzerine Nitel Bir Çalışma

Senem ETYEMEZ, Ebru KEMER

Örgüt İkliminin Çalışan Memnuniyetine Etkisi: İlkokul Örneği

Baran Barış YILDIZ

Doğaya Saygı İle Çevrecilik Değerlerinin Tüketicilerin Marka Deneyimine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Tuğba UZUNKAYA

İş Performansı Belirleyicilerinden Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı, Örgütsel Sapma Davranışı ve Görev Performansı Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Kültigin AKÇİN

A Bibliometric Profile of the Tourism-Economics Sub-Field in Turkish Academic Community

Yakup Kemal ÖZEKİCİ

Kurumsal Değerler Olarak Kalite, İnovasyon, Katılımcılık ve İşbirliğinin Kişi-Örgüt Uyumu Bağlamında Çalışanın Görev Performansına Etkisi: Konaklama Sektöründe Bir Araştırma

Mustafa ASLAN, Fatih YAMAN

The Effect of Employee Engagement on Individual Performance: A Case Study

Kadir AKTAŞ, Erman KILINÇ, Edip DOĞAN

Çağdaş Risk Yönetimi Standartları Çerçevesinde Sanayi İşletmelerinde Risk Yönetimi Algısı Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Şerafettin SEVİM, Kübra KOÇ

Yaşam Doyumunun Çalışanların İş Performansına Etkisi ve Algılanan Örgütsel Destek ile Örgütsel Sinizmin Aracılık Rolü

Ayşe Çiğdem MERCANLIOĞLU