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Biyohidrojen Üretim Yöntemleri ve Biyohidrojen Üretiminde Biyoreaktörlerin Kullanımı

Dünyada, kömür ve petrol türevi fosil yakıtların hızla tükenmesi ve çevre kirliliğine sebep olması gibi nedenlerden dolayı yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önemi gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının önemli avantajları arasında; sürdürülebilirliği, çevresel olumsuz etkilerinin fosil yakıtlara göre az olması ve pek çok ülkede kolaylıkla bulunabilmesi sayılabilir. Bu kaynaklardan biri olan hidrojen, doğada bileşik olarak bulunduğundan şeker kamışı sapı, pirinç samanı, mutfak atıkları gibi farklı ham maddelerden üretilmektedir. Hidrojen yakıt türleri ile kıyaslandığında birim kütle başına en yüksek değerde enerji içeriğine sahiptir. Hidrojenin 1 kilogramı; petrolün 2,8 kilogramı veya doğalgazın 2,1 kilogramının sahip olduğu enerji ile eşdeğerdir. Yakıt olarak kullanıldığında atmosfere salınan ürün sadece su veya su buharı olmaktadır. Hidrojen gazı; güneş enerjisi, rüzgar, dalga ve biyokütle ile üretilebilmektedir. Hidrojen üretim prosesleri; elektrokimyasal yöntemler, termal yöntemler ve biyolojik hidrojen üretimi olarak sıralanabilir. Elektrokimyasal ve termal hidrojen üretim prosesleri her zaman çevre dostu değildir. Buna karşılık uygun basınç ve sıcaklıklarda gerçekleştirilebilen biyolojik hidrojen üretim prosesleri daha az enerjiye gereksinim duyar. Bu nedenle, biyolojik hidrojen üretimi alternatif olarak düşünülmelidir. Bu çalışmada, biyohidrojen üretim yöntemleri ve kullanılabilecek biyoreaktör tipleri incelenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Biyohidrojen, Mikroorganizma, Biyoreaktör

Methods of Biohydrogen Production and Usage of Bioreactors for Biohydrogen Production

The importance of renewable energy sources are increasing everyday because of the reasons such as the rapid depletion of fossil fuels such as coal and petrol derivatatives and the pollution originated with the utilization of such alternatives. Sustainability, less harm to the environment compared with fossil fuels and its availability in many countries are among the important advantages of renewable energy utilization. One of these fuels is hydrogen and it can be produced from several raw materials such as sugar cane stalks, rice straw, kitchen waste because hydrogen presents in compounds in nature. When compared with other fuel types, hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit mass. 1 kg hydrogen has the energy which is equal to 2.8 kg oil or 2.1 kg natural gas. When hydrogen is used as fuel, the product is only water or water vapor. Hydrogen gas can be produced by solar energy, wind, wave and biomass. Hydrogen production processes are electrochemical methods, thermal methods and biological hydrogen utilization. Electrochemical and thermal hydrogen production processes are not always environmentally friendly. On the other side, biological hydrogen production systems require less energy which occurs under suitable pressure and temperature. Therefore, biological hydrogen production should be considered as an alternative. In this study, methods of biohydrogen production and applicable bioreactor types are examined.

Keywords:

Biohydrogen, Microorganism, Bioreactor,

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