Uyum Sağlamışların İkilemi: Hollanda’daki İkinci Kuşak Türkiye Kökenli Göçmenlerin Beklentileri

Bu çalışma, Hollanda’daki Türkiye kökenli birinci ve ikinci kuşak göçmenlere odaklanarak; ekonomik eşitsizliklerin, çokkültürlü toplumlardaki azınlık gruplarının aidiyet hislerini nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Bu araştırma, Türkiye kökenli göçmenlerin Hollanda toplumuna aidiyetlerinin farklı faktörlerden farklı şekillerde etkilendiği sonucuna ulaşmıştır. Birinci kuşak Türkiye kökenli göçmenler kültürel ayrımcılık, ötekileştirme ve ekonomik yoksunluk konularındaki rahatsızlıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. İkinci kuşak Türkiye kökenli göçmenler ise Hollanda toplumunda daha prestijli işlere sahip olma konusundaki kısıtlamalardan dolayı görece yoksunluk hissi yaşamaktadırlar. Birinci kuşağın sorunlarını kültürel ayrımcılık ve yoksunluk özetlerken; ikinci kuşağın sorunlarını görece yoksunluk yaklaşımı ifade etmektedir. Araştırma bulguları Hollanda’daki Türkiye kökenli 37 göçmenle Amsterdam, Rotterdam ve Maastricht şehirlerinde Ocak-Nisan 2011 tarihleri arası yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hollanda, Türkiye kökenli göçmenler, grup kimliği, mağduriyet, ekonomik ayrımcılık

The Dilemma of Integrated: Expectations of Second Generation Immi-grants from Turkey in the Netherlands

This article examines the role of economic inequalities in the minority groups’ belonging practices in the multicultural societies. This investigation is conducted in the context of the Netherlands with specific focus on the first and second-generation immigrants from Turkey. This study found out that different factors affect Turkish immigrants’ belonging practices differently. While the first generation immigrants complain about cultural discrimination, marginalization and economic deprivation, second generation immigrants complain more about relative deprivation and discrimination in terms of their opportunities to access more prestigious positions in Dutch society and more elite professions. While grievance theory presents a better tool to understand the plight of second generation, explanations related to cultural discrimination and deprivation are more useful for understanding the concerns of the first generation Turkish immigrants. The analysis is based on in-depth interviews in cities of Amsterdam, Maastricht and Rotterdam with 37 immigrants from Turkey in between January to April 2011.

Keywords:

The Netherlands, immigrants from Turkey, group identity, grievances, economic discrimination,

PDF

___

Berry, John W., Phinney, Jean S., Sam, David L. and Vedder, Paul. (2006). Immigrant youth: acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55 (3), 303-32.
Brüß, Joachim. (2008). Experiences of Discrimination Reported by Turkish, Moroccan and Bangladeshi Muslims in Three European Cities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34 (6), 875-894.
Cederman, Lars-Eric; Gledish, Kristian Skrede and Buhaug, Halvard (2013). Inequality, Grievances and Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press
Crul, Maurice and Doomernik, Jeroen. (2003). The Turkish and Morroccan Second Generation in the Netherlands: Divergent Trends between and Polarization within the Two Groups. International Migration Review, 37 (4), 1039-1064.
Crul, Maurice and Vermeulen, Hans. (2003). The Second Generation in Europe. International Migration Review, 37 (4), 765-986.
Ersanilli, Evelyn. (2007). Country Profile: The Netherlands, Focus Migration. (No: 11). Hamburg: Hamburgisches Weltwirtschafts Institut [Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWI)], 1-11.
Ersanilli, Evelyn ve Koopmans, Ruud. (2009). Ethnic Retention and Host Culture Adoption among Turkish Immigrants in Germany, France and the Netherlands: A Controlled Comparison. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung [Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB)], 1-40.
Gurr, Ted Robert. (1993a). Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Gurr, Ted Robert. (1993b). Why Minorities Rebel: A Global Analysis of Communal Mobilization and Conflict Since 1945. International Political Science Review / Revue internationale de science politique, 14 (2), 161-201.
Horowitz, Donald L. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Horowitz, Donald L. (Nisan 1998). [Bildiri] Structure and Strategy in Ethnic Conflict. Annual Word Bank Conference on Development Economics. Erişim: 8 September 2014, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/84797-1251813753820/6415739-1251813951236/horowitz.pdf, 1-47.
Phalet, Karen and Kosic, Ankica. (2005). Acculturation in European Socities, İç. D. Sam and J. W. Berry (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology, (331-348). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Skrobanek, Jan (2009). Perceived Discrimination, Ethnic Identity and the (Re-) Ethnicisation of Youth with a Turkish Ethnic Background in Germany. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 35 (4), 535-554.
Şahin, Birsen. (2010). Almanya’daki Türkler. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi.
Vedder, Paul. (2005). Language, Ethnic Identity, and the Adaptation of Immigrant Youth in the Netherlands, Journal of Adolescent Research, 20 (3), 396-416.
Vedder, Paul., Sam, David L. and Liebkind, Karmela. (2007). The Acculturation and Adaptation of Turkish Adolescents in North-Western Europe, Applied Developmental Science, 11 (3), 126-136.
Verkuyten, Maykel. (2007). Religious Group Identification and Inter-Religious Relations: A Study Among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10 (3), 341-357.

ISSN: 1307-9905
Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
Başlangıç: 2010
Yayıncı: ADAMOR Araştırma Danışmanlık Medya Organizasyon Yayıncılık Ltd. Şti.