THE ROLE OF A CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC ORGANIC MARKET IN TURKEY

THE ROLE OF A CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOMESTIC ORGANIC MARKET IN TURKEY

In this paper, we report of a case from Turkey where a civil society organization took an active role in development of a functioning domestic market for organic agriculture and organic products by not only influencing laws, regulations and their implementation, but also establishing and administering marketplaces solely for organic products. Although the country’s climate and biodiversity is suitable for organic agriculture, the domestic market remained underdeveloped; the organic sector was directed mainly towards exports. By establishing the first marketplace solely for certified organic products in 2006, a non-governmental organization became the locomotive of the domestic sector. The process that led to the 100% Ecological Marketplaces exhibits a contingent characteristic where particularly social and symbolic capital were mobilized by the NGO to facilitate embedded relationships of trust among a multiplicity of actors, together with a framing of positive ‘ecological living’ discourse and therefore contributing to the ‘organic’ movement.

___

Aktar C. & Ananias V. (2005). 04/03 Yeni bir ulusal politika: Ekolojik tarım - 05/03 Ekolojik tarım Türkiye’nin hayat sigortası - 06/03 Genetik değiştirme işlemleri hayatı tehdit ediyor. URL http://www.zaman.com.tr. Accessed 1 May 2007.

Ananias V. (2006). Buğday’ın pazardaki tarihi: Bodrum’dan Şişli-Feriköy’e, Buğday, 38:10–13.

Anıl P., Ananias O. A., Ananias V. (1999). Türkiye’de sağlıklı ekolojik ürün pazarı için biraraya geldik, Buğday, 2: 6–10.

Antep G.. (2006). Dünyada ekolojik pazarlar, Buğday, 38:18–19.

Babadoğan G.. & Koç D. (2004). Organic Agriculture in Turkey 2004, Country Reports: Turkey. Organic-Europe FiBL, http://www.organic-world.net/fileadmin/ documents/country_information/ARCHIVE/igeme-2004-country-report-turkey.pdf Accessed 17 April 2015.

Bardy R., Rubens A. & Jackson G. (2013). Contributing to changes of social order in emerging nations: The spillover effect of foreign direct investment. Journal of International Management Studies, 8: 47–58.

Biggart, N.W. & Delbridge, R. (2004). Systems of exchange. Academy of Management Review, 29: 28–49.

Bourdieu P. (1998). Practical Reason: on the Theory of Action, Stanford University Press, Stanford.

Buğday (2013). Runtalya’da Adımlar Tohumlar İçin Atılacak, http://www.bugday. org/portal/haber_detay.php?hid=6123. Accessed 9 January 2015.

Buğday (2014). Buğday Adım Adım Sporcuları Runtalya 2014’te Koruncuklu Çocuklar İçin Koştu http://www.bugday.org/portal/haber_detay.php?hid=7000. Accessed 9 January 2015.

Buğday (2015). Buğday hareketinin dünü ve bugünü https://www.bugday.org/portal/ hakkimizda.php?pid=1 Accessed 15 May 2015.

Cox A. (2004). The art of the possible: relationship management in power regimes and supply chains. Supply Chain Management, 9(5): 346–356.

Demir A.Y. (2013a). Turkey’s first organic bazaar. European Scientific Journal, 9(8): 1–17.

Demir A.Y. (2013b). Supply chain management practices in an alternative food network: the first organic marketplace of Turkey. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(9): 179–187.

Demiryürek K. (2011). The concept of organic agriculture and current status of in the world and Turkey. GOÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 28(1): 27–36.

Demiryürek K (2004). Organic agriculture in the world and Turkey. Journal of Agriculture Faculty HR. University, 8(3/4):63–71.

Demiryürek K., Stopes C. & Güzel A. (2008). Organic agriculture: the case of Turkey. Outlook on Agriculture, 37(4):261–267.

Eapen A. (2012). Social structure and technology spillovers from foreign to domestic firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 43: 244–263.

Geertz C. (1978). The marketplace economy: information and search in peasant marketing. The American Economic Review, 68 (2):28–32.

Güler S. (2006). Organic Agriculture in Turkey. J. of Fac. of Agric. OMU 21(2): 238–242.

Hinrichs C.C., Gillespie G.W. & Feenstra G.W. (2004). Social learning and innovation at retail farmers’ markets. Rural Sociology, 69(1):31–58.

Hunt A. R. (2006). Consumer interactions and influences on farmers’ market vendors. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22(1):54–66.

Karakoç U. & Baykan B.G. (2009). Türkiye’de organik tarım gelişiyor, Betam, Bahçeşehir University, Research Note 035

Kenanoğlu Z. & Karahan Ö. (2002). Policy implementations for organic agriculture in Turkey. British Food Journal, 104 (3/4/5):300–318.

Lehner M. (2009). Hindrances local organic farmers are facing in the Turkish organic agricultural sector – an attempt to identify barriers and suggest ways to eliminate them. Masters Thesis. Uppsala, Sweden URL: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se/666/1/ lehner_m_091201.pdf Accessed 13 March 2015.

McKague K., Zietsma C. & Oliver C. (2015). Building the Social Structure of a Market. Organization Studies, 36(8): 1063–1093.

Melnyk S.A., Lummus R.R., Vokurka R.J., Burns L.J. & Sandor J. (2009). Mapping the future of supply chain management: a Delphi study. International Journal of Production Research, 47(16): 4629-4653.

Mutlu, N. (2007). Consumer Attitude and Behaviour towards Organic Food: Crosscultural study of Turkey and Germany. Masters Thesis – unpublished, Universität Hohenheim. URL: http://orgprints.org/13727/1/MasterThesis-ConsumerStudy-TR-DE. pdf. Accessed 13 March 2015.

Özbilge Z. (2007). An analysis of organic agriculture in Turkey: the current situation and basic constraints. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8(2):213–222

Padel S., Gerrard C.L. & Vieweger A. (2014). The case studies of the Organic Data network. 2nd OrganicDataNetwork Workshop, Bari, Italy, 10-11 July.

Rapunzel. (2012). Turkey Project. URL: http://www. rapunzel.de/uk/ turkeiprojekt.html. Accessed 12 July 2012.

Renting H. & Wiskerke H. (2010). New emerging roles for public institutions and civil society in the promotion of sustainable local agro‐food systems. In the Proceedings of 9th European IFSA Symposium (edited by I. Darnhofer and M. Grötzer), Vienna, Austria.

Rottner H. (2007). Organic and fair trade marketing in Germany. In The Handbook of Organic and Fair Trade Food Marketing (edited by S. Wright and D.McCrea). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.

Sahota A. (2007). The international market for organic and fair trade food and drink. In The Handbook of Organic and Fair Trade Food Marketing (edited by S. Wright and D.McCrea). Blackwell Publishing, Oxford

Sayın C., Brumfiled R.G., Mencet M.N. & Özkan B. (2005). The organic farming movement in Turkey. HortTechnology, 15(4): 864–871

Schaack D. (2014). Publication and Dissemination Strategies. 2nd OrganicDataNetwork Workshop, Bari, Italy, 10-11 July.

Simchi-Levi D., Kaminsky P. & Simchi-Levi E. (2003). Designing & managing the supply chain: concepts, strategies & case studies. McGraw-Hill, New York

Snow D.A. & Benford R.D. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. International social movement research, 1(1): 197-217.

Spilková J., Fendrychová, L. & Syrovátková M. (2012). Farmers’ markets in Prague: a new challenge within the urban shoppingscape. Agriculture and Human Values, 39(2): 197--191 doi:10.1007/s10460-012-9395-5

TR (2004). Organic Agriculture Law 5262. Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey, Date: 03.12.2004 Number: 25659, Ankara. URL: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/ eskiler/2004/12/20041203.htm Accessed 10 March 2015.

Zanoli R (2013). Improving European Organic Market Information - The OrganicDataNetwork Project. In The World of Organic Agriculture - Statistics and Emerging Trends 2013. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM), Frick and Bonn