Seramik-Sofra Adabı Etkileşimi ve Politik Söylem Aracı Olarak 18.yy Porselen Yemek Takımları

Tang Hanedanlığı (M.S. 618-907) dönemine Çin’de icat edilen porselen, ayırt edici dört özelliği beyazlığı, saydamlığı, sertliği ve kendine has çınlaması olan, en mükemmel seramik türüdür. 9.yy.dan itibaren İslam coğrafyasına 16.yy.dan sonra da Avrupa’ya ithal edilen porselen, hem aristokratik beğeni hem de yerel seramik gelenekleri üzerinde önemli etkiler yapar. Zanaatkârlar, yüzyıllar boyunca hem porselenin üretim sırrını çözmeye hem de onu taklit eden seramikler üretmeye çalışırlar. Avrupa özelinde bu sürece 16.yy.dan başlayarak sofra adabındaki git gide artan bir incelme eşlik eder. Porselenin sırrı 1710’da Saksonya’da çözülür ve kıta, Meissen, Viyana ve Sevres gibi Avrupa menşeli porselenle tanışır. Bu dönemde ayrıca Fransız tarzı denilen yemek servisi evrensel ölçekte yegâne medenî tarz olarak yerleşir. Eşleşen motif ve formlarıyla böylesi bir bağlamın meyvesi olarak beliren porselen yemek/tatlı takımları, bir güç, itibar ve politik söylem aracına dönüşür. 18.yy., merkezinde gösterişli hatta abartılı böylesi takımların yer aldığı bir porselen diplomasisine tanıklık eder.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Seramik, Porselen, Sofra Adabı, Fransız Tarzı Servis, Diplomasi.

Ceramics-Table Manners Interaction and the 18th Century Porcelain Dinner Services as a Means of Political Discourse

Porcelain, which was invented in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907, A.D), is the most excellent ceramic type with four distinctive features; whiteness, transparency, hardness and distinctive ringing. The porcelain, imported to the Islamic lands as from the 9th century and to Europe after the 16th century, has had important effects on both the aristocratic taste and the local ceramic traditions. For centuries, craftsmen have tried to solve the secret of the porcelain production and to produce ceramics that mimic it. In Europe, this process has been accompanied by a progressive elegance of the table manners, starting from the 16th century. The production-secret of porcelain was dissolved in Saxony in 1710 and the continent met European porcelain such as Meissen, Vienna and Sevres for the first time. In addition, French-style food service also settled in this period as the only civilized style on a universal scale. Porcelain dining / dessert services with their matching motifs and forms which appeared as the fruits of such a context become a means of power, prestige and political discourse. The 18th century witnessed a porcelain-diplomacy of such elaborate and even extravagant services right in the center.

Keywords:

Ceramics, Porcelain, Table Manners, French Service, Diplomacy.,

PDF

___

Abramson, J. L. (2007). Food culture in France. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Adams, S. (2007). Sevres Porcelain and the Articulation of Imperial Identity in Napoleonic France. Journal of Design History, 20(3), 183-204. doi:10.1093/jdh/epm024
Adamson, G. (2017). Rethinking the Arcanum: Porcelain, secrecy, and the eighteen century culture of invention. A. Cavanagh ve M. E. Yonan (Ed.). The cultural aesthetics of eighteenth-century porcelain içinde (s.19-39). New York: Routledge.
Adler, B. (2005). Early stoneware steins from the Les Paul Collection: A survey of all German stoneware centers from 1500 to 1850. Dillingen: Krüger.
Anne V. L. (2011). The ceremony of dining at Napoleon III’s Court between 1852 and 1870. D. De Vooght (Ed.). Royal taste: Food, power and status at the European courts after 1789 içinde (s.143-170). Farnham: Ashgate.
Artan, T. (2011). 18th century Ottoman princesses as collectors: Chinese and European porcelains in the Topkapı Palace Museum. Ars Orientalis (Globalizing Cultures: Art and Mobility in the Eighteenth Century), Vol.39, 113-146.
Bandurski, D. (2018, 17 Ekim). China’s new diplomacy in Europe has a name: broken porcelain. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com adresinden alındı.
Berg, M. ve Clifford, H. (2015). Global object. Victoria Avery, Melissa Calaresu ve Mary Laven (Ed.) In treasured possessions: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment içinde (s. 102-111). University of Cambridge.
Blaszczyk, R. L. (2006, Mart). Porcelain for everyone: The chinaware aesthetic in the early modern era. Global Histories of Economic Development: Cotton Textiles and Other Global Industries in the Early Modern Period, Fondation Les Treilles, konferansında sunuldu. http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHNPDF/TREILLES BlaszczykPaper.pdf
Broomhall, S. ve Gent, J. V. (2016a). Dynastic Colonialism Gender, Materiality and the Early Modern House of Orange-Nassau. Londra: Routledge. Broomhall, S. ve Gent, J. V. (2016b). The gendered power of porcelain among early modern European dynasties. J. Daybell ve S. Norrhem (Ed.). Gender and Political Culture in Early Modern Europe, 1400─1800 içinde (s.49-68). Londra: Routledge.
Borschberg, P. (2002). The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 –c.1616). Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 33(01). doi:10.1017/s0022463402000024
Burrison, J. A. (2017). Global clay: Themes in world ceramic traditions. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Cavanaugh, A. ve Yonan, M. E. (2017). “That precious object”: Porcelain as metaphor. A. Cavanaugh ve M. E. Yonan (Ed.). The Cultural Aesthetics of Eighteenth-Century Porcelain içinde (s.1-17). Londra: Routledge.
Chilton, M. (2013). From the garden to the table: The transformation of gastronomy and dining in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century France [PDF Dosyası]. https://www.haughton.com /articles/2013/6/16/from-the-gardento-the-table-the-transformation-of-gastronomy-and-dining-in-seventeenth-and-eighteenth-century-france adresinden alındı.
Decorative group: The Trophies of a War. (2018). http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection /10. +por celain %2c+faience%2c+ceramics/241630 adresinden alındı.
Dessert plate showing a scene of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-1774. (2018). http://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection /10.+ por celain %2c+faience%2c+ceramics/241995 adresinden alındı.
Dining with kings. The fragile beauty of the Hermitage. (2014). https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/news/news-item/news/2014/hm11_1_470/?lng= adresinden alındı.
Doherty, J. (2002). Porcelain. Londra: A & C Black.
Drachenfels, S. V. (2000). Art of the table: A complete guide to table setting, table manners, and tableware. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Finlay, R. (2010). The pilgrim art: Cultures of porcelain in world history. Berkeley: University of California Press.Frog service. (2017). http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O8065/frog-service-plate-josiah-wedgwood-and/ adresinden alındı.
Gabay, E. (1991). The politics and social implications of tableware for feasting. H. Walker (Ed.) Oxford symposium on food & cookery, 1990: Feasting and fasting: Proceedings içinde (s.99-104). Londra: Prospect Books.
Grube, E. J. (1965). The art of Islamic pottery. MMA Bulletin, 23, (209-228).
Hess, C. ve Rossi, N. (2004). Brilliant achievements: The journey of Islamic glass and ceramics to Renaissance Italy. C. Hess (Ed.). The arts of fire: Islamic influences on glass and ceramics of the Italian Renaissance içinde (s.1-35). Los Angelos: Getty Publications.
Hildyard, R. (1999). European ceramics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Huang, E. (2008). China’s china: Jingdezhen porcelain and the production of art in the nineteenth century (doktora tezi). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database (UMI No. 3316155).
Jackson, V. (2012). Shakespeare in 100 objects: Table carpet. https://www.shakespeare.org.uk/explore-shakespeare/blogs/shakespeare-100-objects-table-carpet/ adresinden alındı.
Jaques, S. (2016). Empress of art - Catherine the Great and the transformation of Russia. New York: Pegasus Books.
Johns, C.M.S.(2016). Papal diplomacy and the Catholic enlightenment: Benedict XIV’s Caffeaus in the quirinal gardens. R. M. Messbarger, C. M. Johns ve P. Gavitt (Ed.). Benedict XIV and the enlightenment: Art, science, and spirituality. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Jones, C. A. (2013). Shapely bodies: The image of porcelain in eighteenth-century France. Newark: University of Delaware Press. Kingery, W. D. (1993). Painterly Maiolica of the Italian Renaissance. Technology and Culture, 34(1), 28. doi:10.2307/3106454
Laven, M. (2015). Dining. V. Avery, M. Calaresu ve M. Laven (Ed.). Treasured Possessions: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment içinde (s.204-214). Cambridge: The Fitzwilliam Museum.
Le Corbeiller, C. (1990). German porcelain of eighteenth century [PDF dosyası]. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin (Sipring 90). https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258738.pdf.bannered.pdf adresinden alındı.
Le Corbeiller, C. ve Frelinghuysen, A. C. (2003). Chinese export porcelain (The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Winter 2003). [PDF dosyası]. https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258738.pdf.bannered.pdf adresinden alındı.
Lippert, C. B. (1987). Checklist of the exhibition: Eighteenth-century English porcelain in the collection of the Indianapolis Museum of Art. INpolis, IN: Indianapolis Museum of Art. Lowe, B. M. (2018). Moral claims in the age of spectacles: Shaping the social imaginary. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mack, R. E. (2002). Bazaar to Piazza: Islamic trade and Italian art, 1300-1600. Berkeley: University of California Press.Magetti, M. (2012). Technology and provenancing of French faience. Herrero, J. M. ve Vendrell, M. (Ed.), Seminarios de la Sociedad Espanola de Mineralogia, cilt 9, 41-64.
Maggetti, M. ve Dalbis, A. (2017). Phase and compositional analysis of a Sèvres soft paste porcelain plate from 1781, with a review of early porcelain techniques. European Journal of Mineralogy, 29(3), 347-367. doi:10.1127/ejm/2017/0029-2627
Martinez, M. E. (2016). From Peruvian gold to British Guinea: Tropicopolitanism and myths of origin in Charles Johnstone’s Chrysal. I. Baird ve C. Ionescu (Ed.). Eighteenth-Century Thing Theory in a Global Context: From Consumerism to Celebrity Culture içinde (s.171-191). Londra: Routledge.
Mason, R.B. ve Tite, M.S. (1994). The beginnings of Islamic stonepaste technology. Archaeometry 36, 77-91.
McIntosh, J. (2005). Ancient Mesopotamia: New perspectives. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Mikami, T. (1988). Chinese ceramics from medieval sites in Egypt. T. Mikasa (Ed.), Cultural and Economic Relations Between East and West: Sea Routes içinde (s.8-45). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Motta, G. (2017). Suits of cards, statuettes and fairy tales. M. Giovanna ve A. Biagini (Ed.). Fashion through history: costumes, symbols, communication (cilt II) içinde (s. 2-21). Cambridge Scholars Publising.
Moussavi, F. P. (2012). Branding ‘tradition’ in contemporary tin-glaze pottery from Puebla. V. Porter ve M. Rosser-Owen (Ed.). Metalwork and material culture in the Islamic world: Art, craft and text içinde (s.363- 377). Londra: I. B. Tauris.
Munger, J. H. (Sullivan, E. L. ile beraber). (2018). European porcelain: In The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Munger, J. H. ve Frelinghuysen, A. C. (2003). East and West: Chinese Export Porcelain. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ewpor/hd_ewpor. htm adresinden alındı.
Muir, E. (2009). Ritual in early modern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Murphy-Gnatz, M. (2018). The Porcelain Trade. https://www.lib.umn.edu/bell/tradeproducts/porcelain adresinden alındı.
Nichols, S. (t.y.). At table: high style in the 18th century. https://carnegiemuseums.org/magazine-archive/1996/sepoct/feat5 .htm adresinden alındı.
Noort, R. V. ve Barbour, M. E. (2013). Introduction to dental materials (4. sürüm). Edinburgh: Mosby Elsevier.
Odom, A. (2001). The politics of porcelain. At the Tsar’s table: Russian imperial porcelain from the Raymond F. Piper Collection içinde (s.11-25). Wisconsin: Marquette University.
O’Keefe, S. (2001). Science on the table: A botanical approach to floral decoration on porcelain in the second half of the eighteenth century (Yüksek lisans tezi). George Mason Universitesi, Fairfax, VA.
Perkins, S. (2009). Is it a chocolate pot? Chocolate and its accoutrements in France from cookbook to collectible. L. Grivetti ve H. Shapiro Chocolate: History, culture, and heritage içinde (s.157-177). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Pierson, S. J. (2007). Collectors, collections and museums - the field of chinese ceramics in Britain: 1560-1960. Oxford: Peter Lang.Plate (from the Swan Service). (2018). https://www.mfah.org/art/detail/27926 adresinden alındı.
Ponsonby, M. (1997). Dining rooms and eating rooms. J. Banham, (Ed.). Encyclopedia of interior design (Cilt I-II) içinde (s.377-379). Londra: Routledge.
Rhodes, J. (2011). Renaissance Table Etiquette and the Origins of Manners. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/renaissance-table-etiquette-and-the-origins-of-manners-31348606/ adresinden alındı.
Richards, S. (1999). Eighteenth-century ceramics: Products for a civilised society. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Sassoon, A. (1991). Vincennes and Sevres porcelain: Catalogue of the collections. California: J. Paul Getty Museum.
Schmidt, L. B. (2014). Silver furniture of Louis XIV. http://thisisversaillesmadame.blogspot.com/2014/09/silver-furniture-of-louis-xiv.html adresinden alındı. Schönfeld, M. (1998). Was There a Western Inventor of Porcelain? Technology and Culture,39(4), 716-727. doi:1.
Shaw, H. J. (2014). The consuming geographies of food: Diet, food deserts and obesity. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Siegal, N. (2014, 7 Ekim). A history of Imperial Russia, in porcelain. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com adresinden alındı.
‘Sur la table’ in the 17th & 18th century. (2018). http://www.aronson.com/dining-seventeenth-eighteenth-century/ adresinden alındı.
Taavitsainen, I. ve Jucker, A. H. (2010). Expressive speech acts and politeness in eighteenth-century English. R. Hickey (Ed.). Eighteenth-century English: Ideology and change içinde (159-182). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tite, M. S. (2004). Glazed pottery. M. Martini, M. Milazzo, ve M. Piacentini (Ed.). Physics methods in archaeometry içinde (377-385). Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Tite, M., Watson, O., Pradell, T., Matin, M., Molina, G., Domoney, K. ve Bouquillon, A. (2015). Revisiting the beginnings of tin-opacified Islamic glazes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 57, 80-91. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.02.005.
Trentmann, F. (2016). Empire of things: How we became a world of consumers, from the fifteenth century to the twenty-first. New York: Harper.Ubė, M. U. (2015). The Earliest Maiolica Ceramic Dishes In The Old Town In Vilnius. Archaeologia BALTICA, 1(0). doi:10.15181/ab.v1i0.1144.
Valenstein, S. G. (1989). Handbook of chinese ceramics. New York: Metropolitan Museum Of Art.
Vandiver, P. B. (1990). Ancient glazes. Scientific American, 262 (4), 106-113.Vilensky, Y. E. (2015). Cameo Service: Myths and reality. https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/what-s-on/museum-blog/blog-post/cameo_service/?lng= adresinden alındı.
Ward, G. W. R. (Ed.) (2008). The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wees, B. C. (1997). English, Irish, & Scottish silver at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. New York: Hudson Hills Press.
Wilson, G. (1999). Mounted Oriental Porcelain in the J. Paul Getty Museum (Gözden geçirilmiş baskı). California: J. Paul Getty Trust.
Wilson, T. (2016). Maiolica: Italian Renaissance ceramics in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Wood, N. (1999). Chinese glazes: Their origins, chemistry, and recreation. London: A. & C. Black.
Yılmaz, E. (2017). Kadın ve Ten: 18. Yüzyıl Batı Tasavvurunda Porselen Çağrışımları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar Fakültesi (Yedi), (18), 1-16. http://dergipark.gov.tr/yedi/issue/30349/327721.
Xiaoxiang, L. (2006). Origins of Chinese art & craft. Bendemeer: Asiapac Books.Zumbulyadis, N. (2010). Böttger’s eureka! : New insights into the European reinventıon of Porcelain. Bull. Hist. Chem. (35), 1, 24-32.