Abbas Yousefi RAD, Sevim AYSAL, Müge TANER

Investigation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in Various Water Sources in Isparta Area, Turkey

Cryptosporidium parvum C. parvum and Giardia intestinalis G. intestinalis were investigated in samples collectedfrom lake, stream and drinking fountain within borders of Isparta city in Turkey. This study was conducted betweenJune and October 2004 and 40 water samples were collected. Seven water samples were collected from Eğirdir Lake,six from Gölcük Lake, ten from Darı Stream of Isparta flowing into Karacaören Dam after uniting Aksu Stream.Seventeen samples from fountains were collected from different regions of the city. These samples were filtered usinga membrane filtration system. After centrifuging, the filtered samples were investigated with direct microscopy forGiardia and with Modified Zielh-Nellsen MZN for Cryptosporidium. Existence of C.parvum was verified byimmunoflourescence assay IFA method. After the direct microscopy and MZN, C. parvum existence susficied in 13 32,5% of the 40 samples, and six of them 15% was confirmed by IFA method. Giardia cysts were found in 8 20% sample after direct microscopy

Keywords:

Giardia intestinalis Cryptosporidium parvum, drinking water, immunoflourescence assay,

PDF

___

1. Kramer, M.H., Herwaldt, B.L., Craun, G.F., Calderon, R.L., Juranek, D.D.: Surveillance for waterborne-disease outbreaks United States, 1993- 1994. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 45 (1996) 1.
2. Marilyn, M.M., Donna, N., Ynes, O., Charles, R., Waterborne Protozoan Pathogens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 10 (1997) 67.
3. Saxena M.M., Chhabra, C., A status survey of common water-borne diseases in desert city Bikaner (NW Rajasthan, India).J. Commun. Dis., 36 (2004) 53.
4. Matheson, Z.T.M., Hargy, R.M., McCuin, J.L., Clancy and C.R. Fricker., An evaluation of the Gelman Envirochek Capsule for the simultaneous concentration of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from water. J. Appl. Microbiol., 85 (1998) 755.
5. Borchardt, M.A., Spencer, S.K., Concentration of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia and other waterborne pathogens by continuous separation channel centrifugation J. Applied Microbiol., 92 (2002) 649.
6. Cotruvo, J.A., Dufour, A., Rees, G., Bartram, J., Carr, R., Cliver, D.O., Craun,, G.F., Fayer, R., Und Gannon, V.P.J.; Waterborne Zoonoses. Identification, Causes and Control, IWA Publishing, London.(2002) 46.
7. Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, World Health Organization (WHO) (http://www.who.int/), (2002).
8. D'Antonio R.G., Winn, R.E., Taylor, J.P., Gustafson, T.L., Current, W.L., Rhodes, M.M., Gary, G.W Jr., Zajac, R.A., A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann. Intern. Med., 103 (1985) 886..
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. . Draft report on the environment). http://www.epa.gov/indicators. USEPA.
10. Republic of Turkey, Governor of Isparta, (http://www.isparta.gov.tr/index3.php?goster=1&b1 =1&b2=1) (2004).
11. Ong, C., Moorehead, W., Ross, A.Isaac-Renton J., Studies of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in Two Adjacent Watersheds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62 (1996) 2798.
12. Hu, T.L., Detection of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in central Taiwan Rivers by immunofluorescence assay. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect., 35 (2002) 206.
13. Degerli, S., Celiksoz, A., Kalkan, K., Özcelik, S., Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia sp. in cows and calves in Sivas, Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 29 (2005) 995.
14. Payment, P., Berte, A., Prevost, M., Menard, B., Barbeau, B., Can. J. Microbiol., 46 (2000) 565.
15. Türkçapar, N., Cryptosporidiosis. Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases. Thesis of specialization Ankara; (2001) 25.
16. Hashwey, R., Smith, N.H., Cron, S., Graviss, E.A.: Chappell CL, White AC., Cryptosporidiosis in Houston, Texas a report of 95 cases. Medicine, 76 (1997) 118.
17. Marshall, M.M., Naumovitz, D., Ortega, Y., Waterborne pathogens. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 10 (1998) 67.
18. Galleher, M.M., Herndon, J.L., Nims, L.J., Sterling, C.R., Grabowski, D.J., Hull, H.F., Cryptosporidiosis and surface waters. J. Public Health, 79 (1989) 39.
19. Ilordi, I., Ieone, F., Technics for identifying Cryptosporidium spp. in faeces. synthetic review and personal experience on anti-HIV seropozitive, AIDS related complex and AIDS subjects. Quad. Sclavo. Diagn., 24 (1988) 1.
20. MacKenzie, W.R., Hoxie, N.J., Proctor, M.E., A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. New. Engl. J. Med., 331 (1994) 161.
21. Schwartz, J., Levin, R., Drinking water turbidity and health. Epidemiology, 10 (1999) 86.
23. Orland, P.A., Lampel, K.A., Extraction - Free, FilterBased Template Preparation for Rapid and Sensitive PCR Detection of Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 38 (2000) 2271.
24. Quintero-Betancourt, W., Peele, E.R., Rose, J.B., Cryptosporidium parvum and Cyclospora cayetonensis, a review of laboratory methods for detection of these waterborne parasites. J Microbiol Methods, 49 (2002) 209.
25. USEPA., Method 1623, Cryptosporidium and Giardia in water by filtration / IMS/ FA. Office of Water EPA 52 (http://www.epa.gov/waterscience) (2001).
26. Kvac, M., Kvetonova, D., Puzova, G., Ditrich, O., Comparison of selected diagnostic methods for identification of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium andersoni in routine examination of faeces. J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health, 50 (2003) 405.
27. Quintero-Betancourt, W., Gennaccaro, A.L., Scott, T.M., Rose, J.B., Assessment of Methods for Detection of Infectious Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Giardia Cysts in Reclaimed Effluents. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, (2003), 5380.
28. Health Effects Review, Microbiological Water Pollution 1(7), (http://www.ijc.org/rel/boards/hptf). (1996).