TEKNOLOJİK GELİŞMELERİN HABERCİLİK PRATİKLERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ

Toplumun etkileşim sağladığı ve yaşananlardan haberdar olduğu kitle iletişim araçları, teknolojik yeniliklere bağlı olarak gelişme göstermektedir. İletişim teknolojilerinin gelişmesi ile haber verisinin elde edilmesi, haberin üretimi ve dağıtımı değişmiştir. 2000’li yıllardan itibaren internet ve diğer dijital teknolojilerin habercilik alanında kullanılmaya başlamasıyla yeni habercilik pratikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Teknoloji odaklı habercilik pratiklerinin incelenmesi, haberciliğin mevcut ve gelecekteki durumuna dair tespitler yapmada önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada teknoloji odaklı habercilik pratiklerinin ele alınması amaçlanmakta ve bu habercilik türlerinin uygulanma biçimleri aktarılmaktadır. Alanyazın taraması yöntemi ile ele alınan bu çalışmada drone, veri, mobil, podcast, robot habercilik ile sanal gerçeklik, sosyal medya gibi teknoloji odaklı habercilik türleri incelenmektedir. Çalışma neticesinde, teknolojinin haberciliğe getirdiği yeni pratiklerin hız, kolaylık, estetik ve maliyet avantajı ile birlikte, demokratik topluma katkı sunan bir yapıda olduğu saptanmaktadır. Bu özelliklerinin yanı sıra habercilik pratiklerinin güvenlik, etik gibi konularda sorunlara yol açabilecek durumları da barındırdığı gözlenmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Habercilik pratikleri, Teknoloji ve Gazetecilik, Teknoloji odaklı habercilik

THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS ON JOURNALISM PRACTICES

The mass media, where the society interacts with each other and is aware of what is happening, is developing depending on technological innovations. With the development of communication technologies, the obtain of news data, the production and distribution of the news have changed. With the usage of internet and other digital technologies in the field of journalism since the 2000s, new journalism practices have emerged. Investigating technology-oriented journalism practices is important in making determinations about the current and future situation of journalism. In this context, it is aimed to handle technology-oriented journalism practices and explain the application forms of these types of journalism in the study. In this study, the types of technology-oriented journalism such as drone, data, mobile, podcast, robot journalism with virtual reality and social media are examined with the method of literature review. As a result of the study, it was determined that the new practices brought by technology to journalism had a structure that contributes to the democratic society along with the speed, convenience, aesthetics and cost advantages. In addition to these features, it is observed that journalism practices contain situations that may cause problems in issues such as security and ethics.

Keywords:

Journalism practices, technology and journalism, technology-oriented journalism,

PDF

___

ACHARYA, Ujjwal, PATHAK, Tilak, KARKİ, Bikash, SHRESTHA, Rajneesh Bhandari Umesh ve DAHAL Rishikesh (2012). 2011 National Survey on Nepali Journalists. Nepal: Center for Media Research.
ALANKUŞ, Sevda (2009). Yeni Habercilik Arayışları: Hak Odaklı Habercilik, Yurttaş Gazeteciliği, Barış Gazeteciliği, (Editör) Sevda Alankuş. Gazeteciliğe Başlarken, İstanbul: IPS İletişim Vakfı Yayınları.
ALEMDAR, Korkmaz ve UZUN, Ruhdan (2019). Herkes İçin Gazetecilik. Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
ANDERSON, Christopher (2013). “Towards a Sociology of Computational and Algorithmic Journalism”. New Media & Society, 15(7), p.1005–1021.
ARIK, Emel. (2013). “Yurttaş Gazeteciliğinin Günümüzdeki Görünümü: Twitter Gazeteciliği Örneği”, İletişim ve Kuram Araştırma Dergisi, 36, s.73-87.
ARKLAN, Ümit ve KARTAL, Zafer Nurullah (2018). Y Kuşağının İçerik Tüketicisi Olarak Youtube Kullanımı: Kullanım Amaçları, Kullanım Düzeyleri Ve Takip Edilen İçerikler Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 6 (2), 929-965.
AYHAN, Bünyamin ve BALOĞLU, Enes. (2018). Citizen Journalism: Mythsand Facts. (Editör) Nurettin Güz ve Ceren Yeğen. Media with its News, Approaches and Fractions in The New Media Age (s.81-92). Berlin: Peter Lang.
AYTEN, Adem (2013). “Sosyal Medyada Türk Basını”, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Dergisi, 20, s.15-31.
BALOĞLU, Enes ve DAĞ, Harun (2019). Dijital Medyada Alternatif Habercilik: Podcast ve YouTube Örnekleri. (Editör) Mustafa İşliyen ve Fatma Şimşek İşliyen. Dijital Gazetecilik ve İletişim (s. 101-114). Konya: Literatürk.
BAYRAKTAR, Gökhan (2018). Türkiye'de Veri Gazeteciliği Medya Profesyonellerinin Veri Gazeteciliği Algısı Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
BERRY, Richard (2006). “Will the iPod kill the radio star? Profiling podcasting as radio”, Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 12 (2), p.143–162.
BIRD, Elizabeth (2009). “The Future of Journalism in the Digital Environment”, Journalism, 10 (3), p.293–295.
BİRCH, Hayley ve WEITKAMP, Emma (2010). “Podologues: conversations created by science podcasts”, New Media and Society, 12(6), p.889-909.
BOCK, Mary Angela (2016). Yurttaş Video Gazetecileri ve Anlatıdaki Otorite Tanığının Rolünü Gündeme Getirmek. (Çev. Ü. Terzi), (Editör) Himmet Hülür ve Cem Yaşın. Yeni Medya Kullanıcının Yükselişi (s.279-301). Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
BONINI, Tiziano (2015). “The “Second Age” of podcasting: Reframing podcasting as a new digital mass medium”, Quaderns del CAC, 41(18), p.21–30.
BOWMAN, Shayne ve WİLLİS, Chris (2003). We Media- How Audiences Are Shaping The Future of News and Information. The Media Center: American Press Institute.
BOYLES, Jan Lauren ve MEYER, Eric (2016). “Letting the Data Speak”, Digital Journalism, 4(7), p.944–954.
BROWN, Carrie, HENDRICKSON, Elizabeth ve LITTAU, Jeremy (2014). “New Opportunities For Diversity: Twitter, Journalists and Traditionally Underserved Communities”, Journal of Social Media Studies, 1(1), p.1–16.
BUDAK, Emrah (2019). “Teknolojik Gelişmelerin Habercilik Uygulamaları Üzerine Etkileri: Türkiye’de Drone Haberciliği”, Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 33, s.119-139.
CAPTAIN, Sean (2012). “Livestreaming journalists want to occupy the skies with cheap drones.” http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2012/01/occupy-drones/ Erişim tarihi: 07.03.2020.
CARLSON, Matt (2015). “The Robotic Reporter: Automated Journalism and the Redefinition of Labor, Compositional Forms, and Journalistic Authority”, Digital Journalism, 3(3), p.416– 431.
CASTELLANO, Orge (2018). “The Future of Journalism: Will Robots Get it Right?” https://medium.com/@orge/this-is-the-future-of-journalism-will-a-machine-get-it-right-d3e747f16751 Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2020.
CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada). (2006). Annual Report 2005–2006. Ottawa: CBC/Radio-Canada.
CHENG, Liu ve BRUNS, Axel (2009). Mobile News in Chinese Newspaper Groups: A Case Study of Yunnan Daily Press Group. (Editör) G. Goggin ve L. Hjorth. Mobile Technologies: From Telecommunications to Media (p.187-201). New York: Routledge.
CLERWALL, Christer (2014). “Enter the Robot Journalist”, Journalism Practice, 8(5), p.519–531.
CORCORAN, Mark (2014). Drone Journalism: Newsgathering applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in covering conflict, civil unrest and disaster. Introductory Paper, Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
ÇAMBAY, Sinem (2015). “Bilgi Çağında Sosyal Sorumluluk Odaklı Gazetecilik: Yurttaş Gazeteciliği”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(38), s.910-916.
ÇELİK, Tolga (2019). “Dijital Çağda Gazetecilerin Büyük Veri Kullanımı”. Uluslararası Uygulamalı Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi (C-iasoS 2019), İzmir –Türkiye, 04-06 Nisan 2019, s.263-273.
ÇETİNKAYA, Aysel (2019). “Çevrimiçi Gazetelerin Instagram Üzerinden Haber Paylaşımı”, Kritik İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(2), s.1-28.
DE LA PEÑA, Nonny, WEIL, Peggy, LLOBERA, Joan, SPANLANG, Berhnard, FRİEDMAN, Doron, SANCHEZ-VİVES, Maria ve SLATER, Mel (2010). “Immersive Journalism: Immersive Virtual Reality for the First-Person Experience of News”, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 19(4), p.291–301.
DICK, Murray (2014). “Interactive Infographics and News Values”, Digital Journalism, 2(4), p.490-506.
DİAKOPOULOS, Nicholas (2014). Algorithmic Accountability Reporting: On the Investigation of Black Boxes. New York: Tow Center for Digital Journalism. Columbia School of Journalism.
DJERF-PIERRE Monika, LINDGREN, Mia ve BUDINKI, MikaylaAlexis (2019). “The Role of Journalism on YouTube: Audience Engagement with ‘Superbug’ Reporting”, Media and Communication, 7(1), p.235-247.
DOĞU, Burak (2015). “Veri Haberciliği: Demokratik Medya İçin Olanaklar”, Folklor/Edebiyat, 83, s.181-197.
DOMINGUEZ Eva (2017). “Going beyond the classic news narrative convention: the background to and challenges of immersion in journalism”. Frontiers in Digital Humanity, 4(10), p.1–21.
DOYLE, Patrick, GELMAN, Mitch ve GILL, Sam (2016). Viewing the future? Virtual reality in journalism. Florida: Knight Foundation.
EDISON RESEARCH (2019). “The Podcast Consumer 2019”, https://www.edisonresearch.com/the-podcast-consumer-2019/ Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2020.
EDMOND, Maura (2015). “All platforms considered: Contemporary radio and transmedia engagement”, New Media and Society, 17(9), p.1566-1582.
FENNELLY, Lawrence, ve PERRY, Marianna (2020). “Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (Drone) Usage in the 21st Century”, The Professional Protection Officer, p.183–189.
FITZPATRICK, A. Choi (2014). “Drones for good: Technological innovations, social movements and the state”, Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board, 68(1), p.19-36.
FURUNCU, Duygu (2019). Haber Üretim Pratikleri Bağlamında Veri Gazeteciliği: Türkiye’deki Gazetecilerin Veri Gazeteciliğine Yaklaşımı. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Maltepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
GAGNON, Valeria Belair, OWEN, Taylor ve HOLTON, Avery (2017). “Unmanned aerial vehicles and journalistic disruption”, Digital Journalism, 5(10), p.1226-1239.
GARAMONE, Jim (2002). “From U.S. Civil War to Afghanistan: A short history of UAVs. U.S. Department of Defence, American Forces Press Service”. http://archive.defense.gov/news/ newsarticle.aspx?id=44164 Erişim tarihi: 01.03.2020.
GEOGHEGAN, Michael ve KLASS, Dan (2005). Podcast Solutions: The Complete Guide to Podcasting, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. New York NY: Springer-Verlag.
GRAEFE, Andreas (2016). Automated Journalism. Columbia: Columbia Journalism School.
GRAY, Jonathan, BOUNEGRU Liliana ve CHAMBERS, Lucy (2012). The Data Journalism Handbook. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.
GYNNILD, Astrid ve USKALI, Turo (2018a). What is responsible drone journalism? (Editör) A. Gynnild ve T. Uskali. Responsible drone journalism (s.1-15). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
GYNNILD, Astrid ve USKALI, Turo (2018b). Three scenarios of responsible drone journalism. (Editör) A. Gynnild ve T. Uskali. Responsible drone journalism (s.85-95). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
HAAN, Yael De., KRUIKEMEIER, Sanne, LECHELER, Sophie, SMIT, Gerard ve NAT, Renee Van Der (2018). “When Does an Infographic Say More Than a Thousand Words?”, Journalism Studies, 19(9), p.1293-1312.
HIGH, Margaret (2019). “Critical Thinking: Will Robot Journalism Replace Human Journalists?”, https://www.editorandpublisher.com/columns/critical-thinking-will-robot-journalism-replace-human-journalists/ Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2020.
HODGES, Charles, STACKPOLE-HODGES, Christene, ve COX, Kenneth (2008). “Self-Efficacy, Self-Regulation, And Cognitive Style As Predictors Of Achievement With Podcast Instruction”, J. Educational Computing Research, 38(2), p.139-153.
HOWARD, Alexander Benjamin (2014). The art and science of data-driven journalism. columbia journalism school. Tow Center for Digital Journalism Report.
JUNG, Jaemin, SONG, Haeyeop, KIM, Youngju, IM, Hyunsuk ve OH, Sewook (2017). “Intrusion of software robots into journalism: The public’s and journalists’ perceptions of news written by algorithms and human journalists”, Computers in Human Behavior, 71, p.291-298.
KALSIN, Berrin (2016). “Geçmişten geleceğe internet gazeteciliği: Türkiye örneği”, The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 42(3), s.75-94.
KARAMAN, Murat ve ÖNDER, Murat (2018). “Yurttaş Gazeteciliğinin Ana Akım Medyaya Etkisi: Whatsapp İhbar Hatları Örneği”, Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(2), s.164-180.
KOO, Chulmo, CHUNG Namho ve KIM, Dan J. (2015). “How do social media transform politics? The role of a podcast, Naneun Ggomsuda in South Korea”, Information Development, 31(5), p.421-434.
KURT, Hanifi (2014). “Gazetecilik Pratiği ve Sosyal Medya”, Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 13(4), s.821-835.
KUTLU, Tezcan ve BEKİROĞLU, Onur (2010). “Türkiye’de Yurttaş Gazeteciliği Bağlamında İnternet Haberciliği: Bianet Örneğinde Kentsel Dönüşüm Projesiyle İlgili Haberlerin Analizi”, Selçuk İletişim Dergisi, 6(2), s.254-269.
KÜRKÇÜ DUMANLI, Duygu (2016). “Türkiye’de ulusal ve yerel gazetelerin Twitter kullanımı”, International Journal of Social Sciences, 46(4), s.85-101.
LEE, Eun.-Ju ve KIM, Ye Weon (2015). “Effects of infographics on news elaboration, acquisition, and evaluation: Prior knowledge and issue involvement as moderators”, New Media & Society, 18(8), s.1579–1598.
LELYVELD, Philip (2015). “Virtual Reality Primer with an Emphasis on Camera-Captured VR”, SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal, 124(6), p.78–85.
LINDGREN, Mia (2016). “Personal narrative journalism and podcasting”, The Radio Journal – International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, 14(1), p.23-42.
LYSAK, Suzanne, CREMEDAS, Michael ve WOLF, John (2012). “Facebook and Twitter in the Newsroom: How and Why Local Television News is Getting Social With Viewers?”, Electronic News, 6 (4), p.187-207.
MADSEN, Virginia (2009). Voices-cast: a report on the new audiosphere of podcasting with specific insights for public broadcasting. ANZCA09 Communication, Creativity and Global Citizenship, Brisbane, July 2009, 1191-1210.
MARTIN, Fraj (2018). “Does The Rıse Of Robot Journalısm Mean The End Of Newsrooms?” https://analyticsindiamag.com/does-the-rise-of-robot-journalism-mean-the-end-of-newsrooms/ Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2020.
MARTIN, Nicole. (2019). “Did A Robot Write This? How AI Is Impacting Journalism”, https://www.forbes.com/sites/nicolemartin1/2019/02/08/did-a-robot-write-this-how-ai-is-impacting-journalism/#6056a8557795 Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2020.
MEREL, Tim 2015. “Breaking Down Billion-Dollar AR/VR Investment In The Last 12 Months”, http://techcrunch.com/2015/11/27/breaking-down-billion-dollar-arvrinvestment-in-the-last-12-months/ Erişim tarihi: 3.04.2020.
MEYER, Philip (1973). Precision Journalism: A Reporter’s Introduction to Social Science Methods. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
MİGUEL DESCALSO, Alessandra Rose (2015). “The medium is the message: The rise of citizen journalism and podcasting”, https://born2invest.com/articles/the-medium-is-the-message-the-rise-of-citizen-journalism-and-podcasting/ Erişim tarihi: 07.04.2020.
NARİN, Fatma Bilge. (2017). “Uzman görüşleri bağlamında haber üretiminde otomatikleşme: robot gazetecilik”, Galatasaray Üniversitesi İleti-ş-im Dergisi, 27, s.79-108.
NILES, Robert (2005). “Will NPR's podcasts birth a new business model for public radio?”, Online Journalism Review. http://www.ojr.org/will-nprs-podcasts-birth-a-new-business-model-for-public-radio/ Erişim tarihi: 3.04.2020.
NIMO, Ana ve BARRENO, Jorge. (2015). “Generación dron, http://www.elmundo.es/tecnologia/2015/05/20/55549550e2704e3c648b457f.html Erişim tarihi: 20 Nisan 2020.
NTALAKAS, Andreas, DIMOULAS, Charalampos, KALLIRIS, George. ve VEGLIS, Andreas. (2017). “Drone journalism: Generating immersive experiences”, Journal of Media Critiques, 3(11), p.187-199.
PARASIE, Sylvain (2015). “Data-Driven Revelation? Epistemological tensions in investigative journalism in the age of “big data”, Digital Journalism, 3(3), s.364–380.
PARASIE, Sylvain ve DAGIRAL, Eric (2012). “Data-driven journalism and the public good: “Computer-assisted-reporters” and “programmer-journalists in Chicago”, New Media & Society, 15(6), p.853–871.
PARK, Chang Sup (2017b). “Citizen news podcasts and engaging journalism: The formation of a counter-public sphere in South Korea”, Pacific Journalism Review, 23(1), p.245-262.
PARK, Chang, Sup (2017a). “Citizen news podcasts and journalistic role conceptions in the United States and South Korea. Journalism Practice”, 11(7), p.1158-1177.
PARKS, Malcolm (2014). “Big Data in Communication Research: Its Contents and Discontents”, Journal of Communication, 64, p.355–360.
PASTERNACK, Steve ve UTT, Sandra (1990). “Reader Use & Understanding of Newspaper Infographics”, Newspaper Research Journal, 11(2), p.28–41.
PAULSEN, Steve ve HERDER, Raymond A (2014). “Social Media References in Newspaper”, Journalism Practice, 8(5), p.542-551.
PEİSER, Jaclyn (2019). “The Rise of the Robot Reporter”, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/business/media/artificial-intelligence-journalism-robots.html Erişim tarihi: 06.05.2020.
RENÇBER, Hasan (2019). Siyasal İletişimde Teknolojinin Dijital Dönüşümü, (Editör) Banu Solmaz. Siyasal İletişimin Dijital Dönüşümü (s.71-106). Konya: Literatürk.
SANCHEZ LAWS, Ana Luisa (2017). “Can Immersive Journalism Enhance Empathy?” Digital Journalism, 8(2), p.213-228. SHEARER, Elisa. ve MATSA, Eva Katerina (2018). “News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2018”, https://www.journalism.org/2018/09/10/news-use-across-social-media-platforms-2018/ Erişim Tarihi: 06.05.2020.
SHGM (2017). İnsansız hava aracı sistemleri talimatı (SHT-İHA). Ankara: Sivil Havacılık Genel Müdürlüğü.
SINGH, Kriti (2015). “Virtual Reality Journalism: Changing The Narratives Of News, Centre for Air Power Studies, Forum for National Security Studies”, http://capsindia.org/files/documents/CAPS_Infocus_KS_07.pdf Erişim Tarihi: 1.04.2020.
SIRICHAROEN, Waralak (2013). Infographics: The new communication tools in digital age, In The International Conference on ETechnologies and Business on the Web, Bangkok, s.169-174.
SIRKKUNEN, Esa ve USKALI, Turo. (2019). “Virtual Reality Journalism”, The International Encyclopedia of Journalism Studies, 1, p.1-5.
SMICIKLAS, Mark (2012). The Power of Infographics: Using Pictures to Communicate and Connect with Your Audience. Indiana: QUE Publishing.
SUMIALA, Johanna Maria, ve TIKKA, Minttu (2013). “Broadcast yourself global-news! A netnography of the “flotilla” news on YouTube Communication”, Culture&Critique, 6(2), p.318–335.
ŞEKER, Mustafa ve TAŞAN, Resul (2021). Kullanımlar Ve Doyumlar Yaklaşımı Perspektifinden Yaşlıların Sosyal Medya Kullanım Motivasyonları: Tazelenme Üniversitesi Örneği, İNİF E-DERGİ, 6(1), 427-443.
TREMAYNE, Mark ve CLARK, Andrew. (2014). “New perspectives from the sky”, Digital Journalism, 2(2), p.232-246.
UZUN, Ruhdan (2006). “Gazetecilikte Yeni Bir Yönelim: Yurttaş Gazeteciliği”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, s.633-656.
VAN DALEN, Arjen (2012). “The Algorithms Behind the Headlines: How Machine-Written News Redefines the Core Skills of Human Journalists”, Journalism Practice, 6 (5-6), p.648–658.
VAN DER HAAK, Bregtje, Parks, Michael ve Castells, Manuel (2012). “The Future of Journalism: Networked Journalism. International Journal of Communication”, 6, p.2923–2938.
VANCE, Ashlee. (2010). “Start-Up Goes After Big Data With Hadoop Helper”, https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/start-up-goes-after-big-data-with-hadoop-helper/ Erişim tarihi: 2.3.2020.
VOGT, Nancy. (2016). Podcasting: Fact Sheet, A. Mitchell, J. Holcomb ve R. Heisel (Ed.), State of the News Media (s.61-67). Washington: Pew Researh Center.
WE ARE SOCIAL (2020). “Digital in 2020”, https://wearesocial.com/digital-2020 Erişim tarihi: 6.5.2020.
WESTLUND, Oscar (2012). “Mobile News”, Digital Journalism, 1(1), p.6-26.
ZWINGER, Sandra ve Zeiller, Michael. (2016). Interactive Infographics in German Online Newspapers, (Editors) W. Aigner, G. Schmiedl, K. Blumenstein, M. Zeppelzauer, Proceedings of the 9th Forum Media Technology, 2016, St. Pölten, 1-11.
ZWINGER, Sandra., Langer, Julia ve Zeiller, Michael. (2017). Acceptance and Usability of Interactive Infographics in Online Newspapers. 2017 21st International Conference Information Visualisation (IV), Eisenstadt, 176-181.