Küresel Kapitalist Yeniden Yapılanma Sürecinde Turizm ve Ulusötesi Turizm Şirketlerinin Yeri

Kapitalizm, 1970’li yıllarda bir dizi yapısal krizle sarsılmasının ardından kendisini neoliberalizm olarak adlandırılan bir paradigmayla yeniden üretmiştir. Erken kapitalistleşmiş ülkelerin neoliberalizm doğrultusunda yeniden yapılandırılması, sermayenin bu ülkeler içinde yoğunlaşmasını sağlamış ve sermaye fazlasının küresel ölçekte karlı açılım fırsatları arayışını harekete geçirmiştir. 1980 sonrası hızlanan neoliberal küreselleşmeyle birlikte imalat sektörü küçülürken; hizmet sektörleri sermayenin yeni limanlarına dönüşmüştür. Bu süreçte küresel ekonomide önemi giderek artan ve birçok ekonominin en büyük endüstrilerinden biri haline gelen turizm, sermaye birikiminin önemli bir aracına dönüşmüştür. Diğer taraftan, küresel kapitalist yeniden yapılanma sürecinde az sayıdaki ulusötesi turizm şirketinin turizm endüstrisindeki yoğunluğu da artmıştır. Günümüzde turizmin birçok ekonominin en büyük endüstrilerinden biri olduğu ve küresel ticarette öneminin giderek arttığı iddialarına karşın, yakın zamana kadar turizme yönelik araştırmalar eleştirel ekonomi politik analizden büyük ölçüde kopuk kalmıştır. Bu bağlamda literatür taraması yöntemi kullanılarak yürütülen bu çalışmanın iki amacı vardır. Birincisi, alanyazında bahsi geçen boşluğa dikkat çekmektir. İkincisi, küresel kapitalist yeniden yapılanma sürecinde ortaya çıkan farklılaşmış turizm ticaretinin ve gittikçe güçlenen ulusötesi turizm şirketlerinin hem turizmdeki güç kaynaklarını hem de eşitsizlikleri ne şekilde ve ne ölçüde dönüştürdüklerini değerlendirmek suretiyle literatüre katkı sunmaktır. Çalışma, turizmin yalnızca neoliberal küreselleşmeden etkilenen edilgen bir süreç değil aynı zamanda onunla karşılıklı etkileşim içinde olduğu; kapitalist genişlemenin bir aracı olarak turizmin küreselleşme sürecine ve neoliberalizmin piyasa egemenliğine katkı sağladığı sonucuna varmaktadır. Neoliberal küreselleşme güçleri turizmde giderek daha ayrışmış ve karmaşık bir üretim, dolaşım ve mübadele coğrafyasının ortaya çıkmasına yol açmış ve turizmdeki kurumsal kontrolün asimetrik yapısını güçlendirmiştir. Bu süreçte ulusötesi turizm şirketleri ise kapitalist genişlemeyi kolaylaştırmıştır. Dahası az sayıdaki büyük ulusötesi turizm şirketlerinin sahip oldukları tekelci kontrol küreselleşmiş bu şirketlerin endüstriyel olarak yoğunlaşmalarını ve ulusötesi kurumsal güçlerini büyütmelerini sağlamıştır.

Tourism within The Global Capitalist Restructuring Process and the Role of Transnational Tourism Companies

After being shattered by a series of structural crises in 1970s, capitalism reproduced itself in a paradigm called neoliberalism. The restructuring of advanced capitalist countries towards nelioberalism enabled global capital to concentrate within these countries while searching for profitable expansion opportunities on a global scale. While the manufacturing sector contracted with the accelerated neoliberal globalization after 1980s; service sectors have become new ports of capital investment and tourism has been one of the largest industries of many economies as well as an important instrument for capital accumulation. On the other hand, the density of the few transnational tourism companies in the tourism industry has increased within the global capitalist restructring process. Despite the claim that today tourism is one of the biggest industries of many economies and its importance in global trade is increasing; until recently, tourism-oriented research has largley been disconnected from critical political economy analysis. This study, which is based on the review of literature, has two objectives.The first is to draw attention to the defiency in the literature. The second is to contrubite to the literature by evaluating how and to what extent differentiated tourism trade and transnational tourism companies have transformed both power resources and inequalities in tourism industry. This study suggest that tourism is not only a passive recipient of neoliberal globalization but also a reciprocal respondent to it. Tourism, as a means of capitalist expansion, contributes to the globalization process and market domination. Globalization of the tourism industry has led to the disintegration of the production of tourism services on the one hand, internationalization of property structuresand the increase of outsourcing on the other. Neoliberal globalization has strenghtened the asymmetric structure of institutional control in tourism. Within the process, transnational tourism companies have facilitated capitalist expansion. Moreover, the monopolistic control has enabled these globalized companies to concentrate industrially and grow their transnational corporate power.

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