THE ECONOMIC CRISIS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER REGIMES IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The present crisis ravaging the economy has tremendously affected the European labour markets. And as a result of this situation, the employment level has dropped significantly in virtually all countries in the world. After a series of studies, it was observed that the female employment level wasn't badly affected by different stages of the recession, unlike their male counterpart. The second phase is one that is characterized by the execution of incentive packages that should have in several ways been more advantageous to male employment. The next phase, which is the third, includes stricter plans in the society that was particularly harsh to the female employees. This paper's main objective is to elaborate and examine the latest employment trend for both men and women during diverse phases of the current crisis ravaging the six European countries of the world. The influence of the crisis has narrowed down the gender gap in most European countries, especially Spain. And this alone is primarily explained by the different gender sectorial segregation. When it comes to sectoral segregation, women are the ones who are the least protected, and this is because they have lost more jobs than they should have if they equally distributed across several sectors in the economy during the crisis.

Keywords:

Crisis, Recession, Unemployment, EU Countries Gender Policies,

PDF

___

Bettio, F. and Verashchagina, A. (2009). Gender segregation in the labour market: Root causes, implications and policy responses in the EU, European Commission’s Expert Group on Gender and Employment (EGGE).
Doringer, P.B. and Piore, M. (1971). Internal Labor markets and Manopower Analysis, D.C. Heath and Company.
Eurostat (2013). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/data/database Accessed on February 22013.
Gonzales Cago, E. and Capparucci, M. (2014). Women, gender equality and the economic crisis in Spain. In Women and Austerity, The economic crisis and the future for gender equality, Karamessini M. and J. Rubery (eds)., Routledge IAFFE Advanced in Feminist Economics.
Horrel, S. (2000). Living Standards in Britain 1900-2000: Women's Century?. National Institute Economic Review, 172(1), 62–77.
Humphries, J. (1988). Women’s Employment in Restructuring America. The Changing Experience of Women in three Recessions. In Rubery J. (eds.), Women in Recession, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
iAGS, Independent Annual Growth Survey (2014). From Austerity to stagnation: How to avoid the deflation trap. OFCE-IMK-ECLM, http://www.iags-project.org/ documents/iags_report2014.pdf
Jolly, R. (2010). Employment, Basic Needs and Human Development: Elementsfor a New International Paradigm in Response to Crisis. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 11(1), 11–36.
Karamessini, M. (2014). Structural crisis and adjustment in Greece: Social regression and the gender equality. In M. Karamessini and J. Rubery (eds)., Women and Austerity, The economic crisis and the future for gender equality, Routledge IAFFE Advanced in Feminist Economics.
Legerski, E. and Cornwall, M. (2010). Working-Class Job Loss, Gender, and the Negotiation of Household Labour. Gender & Society, 24(4), 447–474.
Leschke, J. and Jepsen, M. (2011). The economic crisis – challenge or opportunity for gender equality in social policy outcomes? A comparison of Denmark, Germany and the UK. Working paper 2011.04, ETUI.
Lewis, J. (1992). Gender and the development of welfare regimes. Journal of European Social Policies, 2.
Milkman, R. (1976). Women's Work and Economic Crisis: Some Lessons of the Great Depression.” Review of Radical Political Economics, 8(1), 71–97.
OECD (2012). Male and female employment in the aftermath of the crisis. In Closing the Gender Gap, OECD, Paris, 215-220.
Piore, M. (1978). Dualism in the Labor Market: A Response to Uncertainty and Flux. The Case of France. Revue économique, 1(29).
Rubery, J. (2013a). From “women and recession” to “women and austerity”:Aframework for analysis. In M. Karamessini and J. Rubery (eds.), 17–36.
Seguino, S. (2009). The global economic crisis, its gender implications and policy responses. Paper prepared for the Gender Perspective on the Financial Crisis’ Panel, 53rd Session of the Commission on the Status of Women, United Nations. March 7, 2009. www.economicsofcrisis.com/readings/seguino.pdf
Smith, M. and Villa, P. (2013). Recession and recovery: Making gender equality part of the solution. In Gender and the European Labour Market, In F. Bettio, J. Plantenga and M. Smith (eds)., London: Routledge.
Veric, S. (2009). Who is hit the hardest during financial Crisis? The vulnerability of young men and women the unemployment in an economic downturn. IZA DP, 4359.
Vos, R. (2010). The crisis of globalization as an opportunity to create a fairer world. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 11(1), 143–160.