A Psychological and Social Perspective on Completed Suicides in Western Anatolia, Turkey: a Case- Control Psychological Autopsy Study

Objective: Aim of this study was an evaluation of the completed suicide rate as well as exploring what associated psychological and social factors might have increased the risk of death from suicide. Method: The study examines all adult suicide cases in the Province of Denizli that occurred between January 2009 and December 2010. In addition to examining the judicial files, interviews were conducted with the suicide victims’ relatives to elaborate the cases and evaluate the risk factors for suicide. For 19 of 53 suicide victims (35.9%), no interviews were conducted; telephone interviews were carried out with relatives of 27 of the victims (50.9%), and face-to-face interviews were held with relatives of 7 of the subjects (13.2%). Healthy controls were randomly chosen from the registers of 14 Denizli primary healthcare centers. The 31 control individuals were from a similar geographic area and social backgrounds as the case group. Results: Of the cases, 13.2% (n=7) were female, while 86.8% (n=46) were male. The mean age was 41.57±15.33 years. The total mean age of the control group was 42.84±16.98 years (p=0.725). The results of this study showed that a history of psychiatric disorder, prior suicide attempts, a history of alcohol abuse, stressful life events, and lack of social support/interaction were associated with suicide. Conclusion: Clinical and psychosocial factors such as a history of psychiatric disorder, unemployment, and financial or relationship problems increase the risk of suicide.

Türkiye Batı Anadolu’daki tamamlanmış intiharların psikolojik ve sosyal görünümü: Bir vaka kontrol psikolojik otopsi çalışması

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı tamamlanmış intihar oranlarını incelemek ve tamamlanmış intihar riskini artırabilecek ilişkili psikolojik ve sosyal faktörleri araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Ocak 2009 - Kasım 2010 tarihleri arasında Denizli’deki tüm erişkin intihar vakaları incelendi. Vakaların yakınları ile adli dosya incelemesi sonrasında vakayı detaylandırmak ve intiharla ilişkili risk faktörlerini değerlendirmek amaçlı görüşme planlandı. Elli üç vakanın %35.9’unun (n=19) yakınları ile görüşme yapılamadı, %50.9’unun (n=27) yakınları ile telefonla görüşüldü, %13.2’sinin (n=7) yakınları ile ise yüz yüze görüşüldü. Sağlıklı kontroller Denizli’deki 14 birinci basamak sağlık merkezi kayıtlarından rasgele seçildi. Otuz bir kontrol grubu bireyi vaka grubu ile benzer çevre ve sosyal kökendendi. Bulgular: Vakaların %13.2’si (n=7) kadın, %86.8’i (n=46) erkekti. Ortalama yaş 41.57±15.33 yıl olarak bulundu. Kontrol grubunda ortalama yaş ise 42.84±16.98 yıl olarak tespit edildi (p=0.725). Bu çalışmanın sonuçları psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü, önceki intihar girişimleri, alkol kullanım öyküsü, stresli yaşam olayları, sosyal destek/iletişim yokluğunun intihar ile ilişkili olduğunu gösterdi. Sonuç: Klinik ve psikososyal faktörler; psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü, işsizlik, finansal ve ilişki problemleri intihar riskini artırmaktadır.

___

Hawton K, van Heeringen K. Suicide. Lancet 2009; 373:1372- 1381. [CrossRef]

Robins E, Murphy GE, Wilkinson RH, Gassner S, Kayes J. Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1959; 49:888-899. [CrossRef]

Shneidman ES. The psychological autopsy. Suicide Life Threat Behav 1981; 11:5.

Conner KR, Beautrais AL, Brent DA, Conwell Y, Phillips MR, Schneider B. The next generation of psychological autopsy studies. Part I. Interview content. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011; 41:594-613. [CrossRef]

Conner KR, Beautrais AL, Brent DA, Conwell Y, Phillips MR, Schneider B. The next generation of psychological autopsy studies: part 2. Interview procedures. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2012; 42:86-103. [CrossRef]

Turkish Statistical Institute. Turkey’s Statistical Yearbook 2010. Ankara, 2011 http://istmat.info/files/uploads/47801/turkeys_ statistical_yearbook_2010.pdf. Accessed on October 26, 2018.

Dilsiz A. A psychological autopsy trial. Kriz Dergisi 1994; 2:218- 222. (Turkish) [CrossRef]

Sayil I, Canat S, Tugcu H. A study on psychological autopsy an evaluation of sixteen suicides, cases. Kriz Dergisi 2003; 11:1-6. (Turkish)

Altindag A, Ozkan M, Oto R. Suicide in Batman, Southeastern Turkey. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2005; 35:478-482. [CrossRef]

Dohrenwend BS, Krasnoff L, Askenasy AR, Dohrenwend BP. Exemplification of a method for scaling life events: the Peri Life Events Scale. J Health Soc Behav 1978; 19:205-229. [CrossRef]

Cheng AT, Chen TH, Chen CC, Jenkins R. Psychosocial and psychiatric risk factors for suicide. Case-control psychological autopsy study. Br J Psychiatry 2000; 177:360-365. [CrossRef]

Yoshimasu K, Kiyohara C, Miyashita K; Stress Research Group of the Japanese Society for Hygiene. Suicidal risk factors and completed suicide: meta-analyses based on psychological autopsy studies. Environ Health Prev Med 2008; 13:243-256. [CrossRef]

lmalili-Yazir H. Surah The Women, verse 4.29. The Holy Qur’an and colored explanation of words. Istanbul: Ozel M. Sistem Press, 2007; 88. (Turkish)

Taktak S, Uzun I, Balcioglu I. Gender differences in completed suicides in Istanbul, Turkey. J Affect Disord 2013; 145:394-399. [CrossRef]

Poorolajal J, Rostami M, Mahjub H, Esmailnasab N. Completed suicide and associated risk factors: a six-year population based survey. Arch Iran Med 2015; 18:39-43.

Amiri B, Pourreza A, Rahimi Foroushani A, Hosseini SM, Poorolajal J. Suicide and associated risk factors in Hamadan province, west of Iran, in 2008 and 2009. J Res Health Sci 2012; 12:88-92.

Ngamini Ngui A, Apparicio P, Moltchanova E, Vasiliadis HM. Spatial analysis of suicide mortality in Quebec: spatial clustering and area factor correlates. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:20-30. [CrossRef]

Kunst AE, van Hooijdonk C, Droomers M, Mackenbach JP. Community social capital and suicide mortality in the Netherlands: a cross-sectional registry-based study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:969. [CrossRef]

Wang CW, Chan CL, Yip PS. Suicide rates in China from 2002 to 2011: an update. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014; 49:929-941. [CrossRef]

Phillips MR, Li X, Zhang Y. Suicide rates in China, 1995-99. Lancet 2002; 359:835-840. [CrossRef]

Zhang J, Sun L, Liu Y, Zhang J. The change in suicide rates between 2002 and 2011 in China. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2014; 44:560-568. [CrossRef]

Cavanagh JT, Owens DG, Johnstone EC. Suicide and undetermined death in south east Scotland. A case-control study using the psychological autopsy method. Psychol Med 1999; 29:1141-1149. [CrossRef]

Foster T, Gillespie K, McClelland R, Patterson C. Risk factors for suicide independent of DSM-III-R Axis I disorder. Case-control psychological autopsy study in Northern Ireland. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175:175-179. [CrossRef]

Zhang J, Conwell Y, Zhou L, Jiang C. Culture, risk factors and suicide in rural China: a psychological autopsy case control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004; 110:430-437. [CrossRef]

Khan MM, Mahmud S, Karim MS, Zaman M, Prince M. Case– control study of suicide in Karachi, Pakistan. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 193:402-405. [CrossRef]

Karabicak M. The reasons of global crisis and the Turkish dimension of the global crises. Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal 2010; 15:251-270.

Aktug E. Guney Ege Bolgesi Sosyal Durum Raporu (2013) - Southern Aegean Development Agency http://geka.gov.tr/ Dosyalar/o_19v5e8fl11tvr131k7vjh51chb8.pdf. Accessed on October 26, 2018. (Turkish)

Cause of Death Statistics (2010). Turkish Statistical Institute http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15847. Accessed on August 9, 2014. (Turkish)

Vanderoost F, van der Wielen S, van Nunen K, Van Hal G. Employment loss during economic crisis and suicidal thoughts in Belgium: a survey in general practice. Br J Gen Pract 2013; 63:e691-697. [CrossRef]

Laanani M, Ghosn W, Jougla E, Rey G. Impact of unemployment variations on suicide mortality in Western European countries (2000-2010): authors’ reply. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:819-820. [CrossRef]

Córdoba-Do-a JA, San Sebastián M, Escolar-Pujolar A, Martínez- Faure JE, Gustafsson PE. Economic crisis and suicidal behaviour: the role of unemployment, sex and age in Andalusia, southern Spain. Int J Equity Health 2014; 13:55. [CrossRef]

Zhang J, Lamis DA, Yuanyuan K. Measuring Chinese psychological traits and social support with Western developed instruments in psychological autopsy studies. J Clin Psychol 2012; 68:1313-1321. [CrossRef]

Almasi K, Belso N, Kapur N, Webb R, Cooper J, Hadley S, Kerfoot M, Dunn G, Sotonyi P, Rihmer Z, Appleby L. Risk factors for suicide in Hungary: a case control study. BMC Psychiatry 2009; 9:45. [CrossRef]

Manoranjitham SD, Rajkumar AP, Thangadurai P, Prasad J, Jayakaran R, Jacob KS. Risk factors for suicide in rural South India. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196:26-30. [CrossRef]

Beghi M, Rosenbaum JF, Cerri C, Cornaggia CM. Risk factors for fatal and nonfatal repetition of suicide attempts: a literature review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1725-1736.

Arsenault-Lapierre G, Kim C, Turecki G. Psychiatric diagnoses in 3275 suicides: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2004; 4:37. [CrossRef]

Thacore VR, Varma SL. A study of suicides in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Crisis 2000; 21:26-30. [CrossRef]

Jia CX, Zhang J. Global functioning and suicide among Chinese rural population aged 15–34 years: a psychological autopsy case- control study. J Forensic Sci 2012; 57:391-397. [CrossRef]

Randall JR, Walld R, Finlayson G, Sareen J, Martens PJ, Bolton JM. Acute risk of suicide and suicide attempts associated with recent diagnosis of mental disorders: a population-based, propensity score-matched analysis. Can J Psychiatry 2014; 59:531-538. [CrossRef]

Chavan BS, Singh GP, Kaur J, Kochar R. Psychological autopsy of 101 suicide cases from northwest region of India. Indian J Psychiatry 2008; 50:34-38. [CrossRef]

Kanchan T, Menon A, Menezes RG. Methods of choice in completed suicides: gender differences and review of literature. J Forensic Sci 2009; 54:938-942. [CrossRef]

Mushtaq I, Mushtaq SA. Psychological autopsy study of suicide in Karachi. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194:377. [CrossRef]

Paraschakis A, Michopoulos I, Douzenis A, Christodoulou C, Koutsaftis F, Lykouras L. Differences between suicide victims who leave notes and those who do not: a 2-year study in Greece. Crisis 2012; 33:344-349. [CrossRef]

Demirel B, Akar T, Sayin A, Candansayar S, Leenaars AA. Farewell to the world: suicide notes from Turkey. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2008; 38:122-127. [CrossRef]

Ho TP, Yip PS, Chiu CW, Halliday P. Suicide notes: what do they tell us? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998; 98:467-473. [CrossRef]

Pestian JP, Matykiewicz P, Linn-Gust M. What’s in a note: construction of a suicide note corpus. Biomed Inform Insights 2012; 5:1-6. [CrossRef]
Düşünen Adam - Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1018-8681
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1984
  • Yayıncı: Kare Yayıncılık
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Sexual Abuse and Exploitation of an Adolescent Girl with Gender Dysphoria and Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

Hakan OGUTLU, İbrahim TİRYAKİ, İbrahim Selçuk ESİN, ONUR BURAK DURSUN

Staging Bipolar Disorder: Theoretical Exercise or Clinical Reality?

Ralph W KUPKA

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Potential Differential Diagnostic Marker for Alzheimer’s Disease, Major Depressive Disorder, and Parkinson’s Disease

HAYRİYE BAYKAN, ÖZGÜR BAYKAN, Emre Cem ESEN, Ayfer TIRAK, Serap AKDENİZ GÖRGÜLÜ, TUNAY KARLIDERE

Prevalence of Peer Bullying in Secondary Education and Its Relation with High School Entrance Scores

SELMA TURAL HESAPÇIOĞLU, MUSTAFA KEMAL TURAL

Two Cases of Wernicke Encephalopathy Related with Obesity Surgery and Recurrent Emesis

Sibel ÜSTÜN ÖZEK, Raziye TİRAŞ, Emna JAMOUSSİ

Majör depresyon eş tanısı bulunan bir konversiyon bozukluğu olgusuna farmakoterapi ve psikodrama teknikleri ile yaklaşım: Bir olgu sunumu

Filiz İZCİ, Özlem KAZAN KIZILKURT, Suzan Mert AKGÜL

Nötrofil-lenfosit oranının majör depresif bozukluk, Parkinson hastalığı ve Alzheimer hastalığının ayırıcı tanısındaki potansiyel yeri

Özgür BAYKAN, Tunay KARLIDERE, Hayriye BAYKAN, Emre Cem ESEN, Ayfer TIRAK, Serap AKDENİZ GÖRGÜLÜ

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish version of the Severity Measure for Specific Phobia – Child Form According to DSM-5

Sermin Yalin SAPMAZ, Handan ÖZEK ERKURAN, DİLEK ERGÜN, Masum OZTURK, NESRİN ŞEN CELASİN, DUYGU KARAARSLAN, Ertuğrul KÖROĞLU, ÖMER AYDEMİR

Acute Dystonia Caused by Clomipramine: a Case Report

SEMA BAYKARA, MUHAMMED FATİH TABARA, SEVDA KORKMAZ, Murat ATMACA

DSM-5 Özgül Fobi Şiddet Ölçeği – Çocuk Formunun Türkçe güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği

Ömer AYDEMİR, Nesrin Sen CELASİN, Dilek ERGÜN, Duygu KARAARSLAN, Masum ÖZTÜRK, Handan ÖZEK ERKURAN, Sermin Yalin SAPMAZ, Ertuğrul KÖROĞLU