Bilimde Denk Anlaşmazlıkları: William Castle ve Richard Goldschmidt, Ortodoks Mendelcilere Karşı

Ana akım sosyal epistemolojide anlaşmazlık olgusunun ideal vakalar üzerinden ele alınması, kullanılan kavramların sıkı ve gerçekçilikten uzak kriterlerle tanımlanması gibi sorunlar, bu alandaki tartışmaların aktüel bilimsel tartışmaları anlamakta kullanılmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, ana akım sosyal epistemolojinin kimi varsayımları eleştirilecek ve bilimsel anlaşmazlıkları etkileyen faktörler ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılacaktır. Bu amaçla, genetik tarihinden iki anlaşmazlık vakası seçilmiştir. William Ernst Castle’ın ve Richard B. Goldschmidt’in, ortodoks Mendelciliğe yönelttikleri eleştiriler incelenecek, Mendelcilerin yanıtları tartışılacaktır. Castle vakasında anlaşmazlık kritik bir deneyin sonuçlanmasıyla bitmiş, Goldschmidt vakasında ise anlaşmazlık, Goldschmidt’in ölümüne dek sürmüştür. İki vaka arasındaki farkların ve benzerliklerin incelenmesi bize bilimsel anlaşmazlıkları etkileyen kuramsal, metodolojik ve kültürel faktörleri ortaya çıkarma olanağı sağlayacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Mendel genetiği, epistemik denk, derin anlaşmazlık, uzlaşmacılık

Peer Disagreements in Science: William Castle and Richard Goldschmidt against Orthodox Mendelians

Problems in mainstream social epistemology such as handling the phenomenon of disagreements by means of ideal cases or defining certain concepts with strict and unrealistic criteria, make it difficult to use the debates in this field for understanding actual scientific disagreements. In this study, some basic assumptions of mainstream social epistemology will be criticized and the factors affecting scientific disagreements will be explored. For this purpose, two cases of disagreement were selected from the history of genetics. The criticisms of William Ernst Castle and Richard B. Goldschmidt towards orthodox Mendelism will be examined and the Mendelians’ responses will be discussed. In the Castle case, the disagreement ended with the conclusion of a crucial experiment, in the Goldschmidt case, the disagreement lasted until the death of Goldschmidt. Studying the differences and similarities between the two cases will allow us to uncover the theoretical, methodological and cultural factors that affect scientific disagreements.

Keywords:

Mendelian genetics, epistemic peer, deep disagreement, conciliationism,

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