Çocukluk çağında epileptik ensefalotiler

Epileptik ensefalopatiler (EE) terimi, erken başlangıçlı (sıklıkla ilk bir yıl), ilaç tedavisine dirençli ve gelişim geriliği ile kendini gösteren epileptik sendromları tanımlamak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu sendromlar çocukluk çağı epilepsilerinin tedaviye dirençli grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Myoklonik nöbetler ile seyreden Dravet sendromu ve miyoklonik-astatik epilepsi, hipsaritmi ile birlikte olan infantil epileptik ensefalopati (West sendromu), supresyon-börst paterni ile karakterize olan Ohtahara sendromu ve erken miyoklonik epilepsi, malign migratuvar epilepsi, Lennox-Gastaut sendromu, Landau-Kleffner sendromu ve yavaş uyku sırasında ortaya çıkan elektriksel status epileptikus çocukluk çağının başlıca epileptik ensefalopati sendromlarıdır. İnfantil spazm ve Lennox-Gastautu dışındakiler pediatristler tarafından çoğu kez tanınmamakta, bu durumda tanıda gecikmelere ve daha fazla mental yıkıma yol açmaktadır. Etiyoloji multifaktoriyel olup sıklıkla altta yatan bir neden saptanamamaktadır. Yüksek doz çoklu ilaç tedavisine rağmen antiepileptiklere yanıt kötüdür. Bu derlemenin amacı çocukluk çağında görülen epileptik ensefalopatilerin klinik, elektroensefalografik özelliklerini ve prognozlarını tanımlamak ve tedavide son yıllarda olan değişiklikleri gözden geçirmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Epilepsi, Epilepsiler, miyoklonik, Nöbetler, Çocuk, Spazmlar, infantil

Epileptic encephalopathies in childhood

The term epileptic encephalopaties is used to describe epileptic syndromes with the following features: early start (often within the first year), refractory to drug treatment, and poor developmental outcome. These syndromes constitute the group of drug resistant epilepsies in childhood. Syndromes characterised with myoclonic seizures like Dravet syndrome and myoclonic-astatic epilepsy, infantile epileptic encephalopathy with hypsarrhythmia (West syndrome), syndromes characterised with suppression-burst pattern like Ohtahara syndrome and early myoclonic encephalopathy, malign migratory epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Landau-Kleffner syndrome and electrical status during slow wave sleep are the main epileptic encephalopathies in childhood. These syndromes except infantile spasm and Lennox-Gastaut sydrome are not recognised by paediatricians and this leads to delay in diagnosis and more mental deterioration. The aetiology is multifactorial, but frequently an underlying cause can not be identified. The response to antiepileptic drugs is generally poor despite high dose polypharmacy. The aim of this review is to describe the clinical, electroencephalographic and prognostic features of epileptic encephalopathies and evaluate the recent therapeutic advances.

Keywords:

Epilepsy, Epilepsies, Myoclonic, Seizures, Child, Spasms, Infantile,

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