AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ DÜZEYİNDE YÖNETİŞİM VE SİYASAL TERİTORYALİTE

Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) teritoryal yapısını, münhasıran teritoryalitenin siyasal boyutu kapsamında analiz etmektedir. AB’nin teritoryal niteliği, ağırlıklı olarak modern ile post-modern veya post-nasyonel şeklinde tek bir kavram altında birleştirilebilecek yaklaşımlar ve bunların teritoryal sonuçları açısından ele alınmaktadır. Bu kapsamda yapılmış olan çalışmalar da genellikle AB’nin ya zayıf bir teritoryal ya da teritoryal olmayan bir örgütlenme olduğu sonucuna ulaşmaktadır. Hâlbuki bir siyasal örgütlenme olan, belli bir mekânsal uzantı üzerinde etkinlik kuran ve kamusal nitelikte düzen üreten AB, bünyesinde barındırdığı yönetişim düzeyleriyle, mekânsal bir kontrol stratejisi olan ve farklı yoğunlukta uygulanabilen teritoryalitenin bazı temel unsurlarını bünyesinde barındırmaktadır. Bu bakımdan AB, teritoryal olmayan bir siyasal örgütlenme modeli olarak değerlendirilmemelidir. Sahip olduğu yasal kapasite ve araçlar çerçevesinde AB, özerk bir teritoryal işleyiş oluşturmakta ve çok düzeyli bir yapı içerisinde, başta üye devletler olmak üzere alt düzeydeki aktörlerle işbirliği yaparak etkileşimlerin düzenlendiği yönetimsel bir alan ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu şekilde uluslarüstü düzeyde teritoryal bir sınırlandırılmışlık tanzim edilmektedir.

GOVERNANCE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION LEVEL AND POLITICAL TERRITORIALITY

This study deals with the territorial structure of the European Union (EU), exclusively within the framework of political territoriality. The territoriality of the EU is mainly addressed in the context of modern and post-modern or post-national approaches. Such studies mostly conclude that the EU is a weak territorial or non-territorial organization. However, as a polity which produces a public order, the EU, along with the levels of governance it contains, has certain elements of territoriality, a spatial control strategy that may be applied in different intensity. In this regard, the EU should not be considered as a non-territorial polity. It establishes an autonomous territorial functioning through its legal capacity and tools. In a multi-level structure, the EU creates a governmental arena where interactions are organized in cooperation with the actors at lower levels, especially with the member states. Thus, a territorial boundedness is forged at the supranational level.

___

  • Allmendinger, P., Chilla, T. & Sielker, F. (2014). Europeanizing territoriality—Towards soft spaces? Environment and Planning, 46(11), 2703-2717.
  • Armstrong, W. & Anderson, J. (Der.) (2007). Geopolitics of European Union enlargement: The Fortress Empire. New York: Routledge.
  • Bache, I. & Flinders, M. (2004). Themes and issues in multi-level governance. I. Bache & M. Flinders (Der.), Multi-level governance içinde (ss. 1-11). Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Balkır, C. & Soyaltın, D. (2018). Avrupalılaşma: Tarih, kavram, kuram ve Türkiye uygulaması. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Bartolini, S. (2005). Restructuring Europe: Centre formation, system building and political structuring between the nation-state and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Basılgan, M. (2012). Avrupa Birliği’nin bölgesel ekonomik kalkınma politikası. Global Journal of Economics and Business Studies, 1(1), 47-66.
  • Bauböck, R. (2003). Multilevel citizenship and territorial borders in the EU polity. IWE–Working Paper Series, (37). https://eif.univie.ac.at/downloads/workingpapers/IWE-Papers/WP37.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020).
  • Bauer, M. W. & Becker, S. (2014). The unexpected winner of the crisis: The European Commission’s strengthened role in economic governance. Journal of European Integration, 36(3), 213-229.
  • Bauer, M. W. & Trondal, J. (2015). The administrative system of the European Union. M. W. Bauer & J. Trondal (Der.), The Palgrave handbook of the European administrative system içinde (ss. 1-28). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bellamy, R., Lacey, J. & Nicolaïdis, K. (2017). European boundaries in question? Journal of European Integration, 39(5), 483-498.
  • Benz, A. (2015). European public administration as a multilevel administration: A conceptual framework. M. W. Bauer & J. Trondal (Der.), The Palgrave handbook of the European administrative system içinde (ss. 31-47). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Beriş, H. E. (2014). Egemenlik: Bir kavramın geçmişi, bugünü ve geleceği. İstanbul: Tezkire.
  • Bevir, M. (2012). Governance: A very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Bialasiewicz, L., Elden, S. & Painter, J. (2005). The constitution of EU territory. Comparative European Politics, 3(3), 333-363.
  • Bickerton, C. J. (2012). European integration: From nation-states to member states. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Blockmans, S. & Crosson, D. M. (2019). Differentiated integration within PESCO–clusters and convergence in EU defence. CEPS Research Report, (04). https://www.ceps.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/RR2019_04_Differentiated-integration-within-PESCO.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020).
  • Börzel, T. (2010). European governance: Negotiation and competition in the shadow of hierarchy. Journal of Common Market Studies, 48(2), 191-219.
  • Börzel, T. A. & Heard-Lauréote, K. (2009). Networks in EU multi-level governance: Concepts and contributions. Journal of Public Policy, 29(2), 135-151.
  • Börzel, T. A. (2003). How the European Union interacts with its member states. IHS Political Science Series, (93). http://aei.pitt.edu/1049/1/pw_93.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020).
  • Burgess, M. (2000). Federalism and European Union: The building of Europe, 1950–2000. London: Routledge.
  • Caporaso, J. A. (1996). The European Union and forms of state: Westphalian, regulatory or post-modern? Journal of Common Market Studies, 34(1), 29-52.
  • Caporaso, J. A. (2000). Changes in the Westphalian order: Territory, public authority, and sovereignty. International Studies Review, 2(2), 1-28.
  • Cebeci, M. (2018). AB'nin güvenlik ve savunma politikalarında güncel tartışmalar. S. Baykal, S. A. Açıkmeşe, B. Akçay & Ç. Erhan (Der.), Hukuki, siyasi ve iktisadi yönleriyle Avrupa bütünleşmesinde son gelişmeler ve Türkiye-AB ilişkileri: ATAUM 30. yıl armağanı içinde (ss. 151-178). Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Christiansen, T. & Jørgensen, K. E. (2000). Transnational governance ‘above’ and ‘below’ the state: The changing nature of borders in the new Europe. Regional & Federal Studies, 10(2), 62-77.
  • Danwitz, T. von (2014). The rule of law in the recent jurisprudence of the ECJ. Fordham International Law Journal, 37(5), 1311-1347.
  • Dehousse, R. (2016). Why has EU macroeconomic governance become more supranational? Journal of European Integration, 38(5), 617-631.
  • Egeberg, M. (2015). EU administration: Center formation and multilevelness. W. Bauer & J. Trondal (Der.), The Palgrave handbook of the European administrative system içinde (ss. 66-78). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Egeberg, M., Trondal, J. & Vestlund, N. M. (2015). The quest for order: Unravelling the relationship between the European Commission and European Union agencies. Journal of European Public Policy, 22(5), 609-629.
  • Eliçin, Y. (2011). Avrupa Birliğinde yönetişim. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 10(38), 44-60.
  • Fligstein, N. & McNichol, J. (1998). The institutional terrain of the European Union. W. Sandholtz & A. S. Sweet (Der.), European integration and supranational governance içinde (ss. 59-91). Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Forsberg, T. (1996). Beyond sovereignty, within territoriality: Mapping the space of late-modern (Geo)Politics. Cooperation and Conflict, 31(4), 355-386.
  • Goebel, R. (2013). Supranational? Federal? Intergovernmental? The governmental structure of the European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon. Columbia Journal of European Law, 20, 77-142.
  • Göztepe, E. (2008). Avrupa Birliği’nin siyasal bütünleşmesi ve egemenlik yetkisinin paylaşılması sorunu. Ankara: Seçkin.
  • Grande, E. & McCowan, M. (2015). The two logics of multilevel administration in the EU. W. Bauer & J. Trondal (Der.), The Palgrave handbook of the European administrative system içinde (ss. 48-65). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gualini, E. (2006). The rescaling of governance in Europe: New spatial and institutional rationales. European Planning Studies, 14(7), 881-904.
  • Gülmez, D. B. & Colella, D. S. (2019). Avrupa bütünleşmesi çalışmalarında derogasyonlar meselesi. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(2), 437-468.
  • Heartfield, J. (2007). European Union: A process without a subject. C. J. Bickerton, P. Cunliffe & A. Gourevitch (Der.), Politics without sovereignty: A critique of contemporary international relations içinde (ss. 131-149). London: University of College London.
  • Hix, S. (2005). The political system of the European Union. (İkinci Baskı). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Holder, J. & Layard, A. (2011). Drawing out the elements of territorial cohesion: Re-scaling EU spatial governance. Yearbook of European Law, 30(1), 358-380.
  • Hooghe, L. & Marks, G. (2001). Multi-Level governance and European integration. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Jachtenfuchs, M. (2001). The governance approach to European integration. Journal of Common Market Studies, 39(2), 245-264.
  • Jackson, R. (2007). Sovereignty: Evolution of an idea. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Jessop, B. (2016). Territory, politics, governance and multispatial metagovernance. Territory, Politics, Governance, 4(1), 8-32.
  • Karakaş, A. I. (1993). Avrupa Topluluğu hukuk düzeni ve ulus devlet egemenliği. İstanbul: Der.
  • Keating, M. (2013). Rescaling the European state: The making of territory and the rise of the Meso. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Keohane, R. O. & Nye, J. S. (2012). Power and interdependence. (Dördüncü Baskı). New York: Longman.
  • Laffan, B. (2001). The European Union polity: A Union of regulative, normative and cognitive pillars. Journal of European Public Policy, 8(5), 709-727.
  • Majone, G. (2006). Dilemmas of European integration: The ambiguities and pitfalls of integration by stealth. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Mamadouh, V. (2001). The territoriality of European integration and the territorial features of the European Union: The First 50 Years. Royal Ducth Enviromental Society, 92(4), 420-436.
  • Mann, M. (1984). The autonomous power of the state: Its origins, mechanisms and results. European Journal of Sociology, 25(2), 185-213.
  • Marks, G. & Hooghe, L. (2004). Contrasting visions of multi-level governance. I. Bache & M. Flinders (Der.), Multi-Level governance içinde (ss. 15-30). Oxford: Oxford University.
  • McNamara, K. R. (2015). The politics of everyday Europe: Constructing authority in the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Menon, A. & Schain, M. (Der.) (2006). Comparative federalism: The European Union and the United States in comparative perspective. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Murphy, A. B. (2008). Rethinking multi-level governance in a changing European Union: Why metageography and territoriality matter. GeoJournal, 72(7), 7-18.
  • Mutlu, S. & Demirkaya, Y. (2018). Avrupa yönetişimi ve ulusaltı yönetimlerin ulusötesi ağ faaliyetleri. Strategic Public Management Journal, 4(7), 59-82.
  • Nicolaidis, K. & Howse, R. (Der.) (2001). The federal vision: Legitimacy and levels of governance in the United States and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Østergaard, U. (1997). Nation-states and empires in the current processes of European change. O. Tunander & P. Baev (Der.), Geopolitics in post-wall Europe: Security, territory and identity içinde (ss. 95-119). London: Sage.
  • Özdal, B. (2020). Avrupa Birliği: Siyasi bir cüce, askeri bir solucan mı? Ortak dış politika ve güvenlik politikası ile ortak güvenlik ve savunma politikası oluşturma süreçlerinin tarihsel gelişimi. Bursa: Dora.
  • Perkmann, M. (2003). Cross-border regions in Europe significance and drivers of regional cross-border co-operation. European Urban and Regional Studies, 10(2), 153-171.
  • Perkmann, M. (2007). Construction of new territorial scales: A framework and case study of the EUREGIO cross-border region. Regional Studies, 41(2), 253-266.
  • Peterson, J. (1997). The European Union: Pooled sovereignty, divided accountability. Political Studies, 45(3), 559-578.
  • Piattoni, S. & Polverari, L. (Der.) (2016). Handbook on cohesion policy in the EU. Chelthenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Piattoni, S. (2010). The theory of multi-level governance: Conceptual, empirical, and normative challenges. Oxford: Oxford University
  • Piker, M. B. (2019). Brexit sonrası yeni Avrupa Birliği düzeni ve Türkiye’ye etkisi. İstanbul: Legal.
  • Puetter, U. (2012). Europe’s deliberative intergovernmentalism: The role of the Council and European Council in EU economic governance. Journal of European Public Policy, 19(2), 161-178.
  • Reçber, K. (2018). Avrupa Birliği hukuku ve temel metinleri. (Üçüncü Baskı). Bursa: Dora.
  • Rosamond, B. (2009). Supranational governance. C. Rumford (Der.), The SAGE handbook of European studies içinde (ss. 89-109). London: SAGE.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1993). Territoriality and beyond: Problematizing modernity in international relations. International Organization, 47(1), 139-174.
  • Ruggie, J. G. (1998). Constructing the world polity: Essays on international institutionalization. London: Routledge.
  • Sack, R. D. (1983). Human territoriality: A theory. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 73(1), 55-74.
  • Sack, R. D. (1986). Human territoriality: Its theory and history. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
  • Scheidel, W. (2006). Republics between hegemony and empire: How ancient city-states built empires and the USA doesn’t (Anymore). Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics. https://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/scheidel/020601.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 18.03.2020).
  • Schimmelfennig, F. (2018). Brexit: differentiated disintegration in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 25(8), 1154-1173.
  • Skelcher, C. (2005). Jurisdictional integrity, polycentrism, and the design of democratic governance. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 18(1), 89-110.
  • Stetter, S. (2007). EU foreign and interior policies: Cross-Pillar politics and the social construction of sovereignty. London: Routledge.
  • Sweet, A. S. & Sandholtz, W. (1997). European integration and supranational governance. Journal of European Public Policy, 4(3), 297-317.
  • Sweet, A. S. & Sandholtz, W. (1998). Integration, supranational governance, and the institutionalization of the European polity. W. Sandholtz & A. S. Sweet (Der.), European integration and supranational governance içinde (ss. 1-26). Oxford: Oxford University.
  • Trondal, J. & Peters, B. G. (2015). A conceptual account of the European administrative space. M. W. Bauer & J. Trondal (Der.), The Palgrave handbook of the European administrative system içinde (ss. 79-92). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Verdun, A. (2013). The building of economic governance in the European Union. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 19(1), 23-35.
  • Vollaard, H. (2009). The logic of political territoriality. Geopolitics, 14(4), 687-706.
  • Wæver, O. (1997). Imperial metaphors: Emerging European analogies to pre-nation-state imperial systems. O. Tunander & P. Baev (Der.), Geopolitics in post-wall Europe: Security, territory and identity içinde (ss. 59-93). London: Sage.
  • Wallace, W. (1999). The sharing of sovereignty: The European paradox. Political Studies, 47(3), 503-521.
  • Wind, M. (2003). The European Union as a polycentric polity: Returning to a Neo-Medieval Europe? J. H. H. Weiler & M. Wind (Der.), European constitutionalism beyond the state içinde (ss. 103-128). Cambridge: Cambridge University.
  • Yılmaz, S. (2020). Avrupa Birliği ve teritoryalite: Birlik mekânının teritoryalleşmesi ve içerisi-dışarısı ayrımı. Bursa: Dora.
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi-Cover
  • ISSN: 1302-3284
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 4 Sayı
  • Başlangıç: 1999
  • Yayıncı: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü