MİKROPLASTİKLER'E GENEL BİR BAKIŞ

Mikroplastikler, boyu 5mmden küçük olan plastik parçacıklarıdır. Günümüzde plastiklerin parçalanması neticesi oluşan mikroplastiklerin adının kirletici olarak bilinmesi pek de yaygın değildir. Özellikle renksiz, şeffaf veya mikro boyuta kadar parçalanmış olan plastikler su kaynaklarında görünmez çöpleri oluşturarak ciddi bir görünmez tehlike haline dönüşebilmektedir. Çevrede görünür büyüklükteki atıkları karakterize etmek ve sınıflandırmak kolay olsa da mikroplastikler için bu nispeten zordur. Mikroskop yardımıyla ve Fourier Dönüşümlü Infrared Spektrofotometre (FD-IS) ile ancak karakterize edilebilirler. Bir plastik, antropojenik faaliyetler ve çevresel olaylarla parçalanarak milyonlarca mikroplastik parçacıklarına dönüşebilmektedir. Plastiklerin, hidrofobik yüzey, yüzücülük, kirleticileri taşıma potansiyelleri, kalıcı organik kirletici (KOK)leri absorplayabilmeleri, UV foto-oksidatif parçalanma vb. gibi özelliklerinden dolayı mikroplastikler su kaynaklarında büyük tehlike haline gelmiştir. Mikroplastikler, klasik atıksu arıtma tesislerinde tutulamayıp alıcı ortamlara kontrolsüzce tekrar deşarj edilmektedir. Bu yüzden mikroplastikler besin zincirinde önemli basamaklardaki, zooplankton, makro omurgasızlar, balıklar vs. gibi canlıların doku veya organlarında birikebilmektedir. Bu kirliliğin önüne geçmek ve su kaynaklarını korumak için çeşitli çalışma ve kontrollerin yapılması gerekmektedir.

(MICROPLASTICS: AN OVERVIEW)

Microplastics are small fragments of plastic that measure less than 5 mm. Nowadays microplastics have not yet been addressed as a "pollutant". Particularly colorless, transparent or micro-size plastics are form of invisible garbage in the water resources. Due to hold a variety of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in their body this invisible garbage can be transformed into a serious pitfalls. Characterization and classification of apparent size waste is easy in the environmental pollution subjects. However characterization, description and classification of microplastics are relatively more difficult.They can be characterize by microscope and FT-IR. A plastic can be turn to millions fragments of microplastic particles by anthropogenic activities and environmental events (such as UV light, the water wave action). Due to their surface hydrophobicity, buoyant,UV photo-oxidative degradation, thermooxidative, absorb (POPs), the potential to transport contaminants and persistent properties, microplastics have the potential to become widely dispersed in the marine environment via hydrodynamic processes and ocean currents. Many wastewater treatment plants are unable to remove all microplastics. They are polluting waterways and water resources. Further studies are requires for preventation of microplastic pollution and protect the water resources.

PDF

___

[1] [http://www.pardos-marketing.com/hot04.htm], Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2014.
[2][http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en_GB/function/conversions:/publish/content/invest orelations/newspublications/presentations/2007/download/070625_BASF_IRDay_Feldma nn_Plastics.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2014.
[3][http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.14032!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf /502615a.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2014.
[4] [http://www.plasticdisclosure.org/], Erişim Tarihi: 20.06.2014.
[5] Isobe A, Kubo K, Tamura Y, Kako S, Nakashima E, Fujii N. Selective Transport of Microplastics and Mesoplastics by Drifting in Coastal Waters, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 89, 2014, s.324-330.
[6] Andrady AL. Microplastics in the Marine Environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 62, 2011, s.15961605.
[7] Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M. Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods used for Identification and Quantification Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 46, 2012, s.30603075.
[8] Lechner A, Keckeis H, Lumesberger-Loisl F, Zens B, Krusch R, Tritthart M, Schludermann E. The Danube So Colourful: A Potpourri of Plastic Litter Outnumbers Fish Larvae in Europe's Second Largest River, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 188, 2014, s.177- 181.
[9] [http://deepseanews.com/2013/12/guest-post-the-invisible-consequences-of-mistakingplastic-for-dinner/], Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2014.
[10] Ogata Y, Takada H, Mizukawa K, Hirai H, Iwasa S, Endo S, Thompson RC. International Pellet Watch: Global Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Coastal Waters. 1. Initial Phase Data on PCBs, DDTs, and HCHs, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 58, No. 10, 2009, s.1437-1446.
[11] Browne MA, Niven SJ, Galloway TS, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC. Microplastic Moves Pollutants and Additives to Worms, Reducing Functions Linked to Health and Biodiversity, Current Biology, Cilt. 23, 2013, s.2388-2392.
[12] Rochman CM, Hoh E., Kurobe T, Teh SJ, Ingested Plastic Transfers Hazardous Chemicals to Fish and Induces Hepatic Stres, Sci. Rep., Cilt. 3, 2013, s.3263.
[13] Teuten EL, Saquing JM, Knappe DR, Barlaz MA, Jonsson S, Björn A, Takada H. Transport and Release of Chemicals from Plastics to the Environment and to Wildlife, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Cilt. 364, No. 1526, 2009, s.2027-2045.
[14] Bakir A, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC. Enhanced Desorption of Persistent Organic Pollutants from Microplastics Under Simulated Physiological Conditions, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 185, 2014, s.16-23.
[15] Ryan PG, Moore CJ, van Franeker, JA, Moloney CL. Monitoring the Abundance of Plastic Debris in the Marine Environment, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Cilt. 364, No. 1526, 2009, s.1999-2012.
[16] Claessens M, Van Cauwenberghe L, Vandegehuchte MB, Janssen CR. New Techniques for the Detection of Microplastics in Sediments and Field Collected Organisms, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 70, No. 1, 2013, s.227-233.
[17] Harrison JP, Ojeda JJ, Romero-González ME. The Applicability of Reflectance MicroFourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for the Detection of Synthetic Microplastics in Marine Sediments, Science of the Total Environment, Cilt. 416, 2012, s.455-463.
[18] Frias JPGL, Sobral P, Ferreira AM. Organic Pollutants in Microplastics from Two Beaches of the Portuguese Coast, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 60, No. 11, 2010, s.1988- 1992.
[19] Besseling E, Wang B, Lürling M, Koelmans AA. Nanoplastic Affects Growth of S. Obliquus and Reproduction of D. Magna, Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 48, 2014, s.12336-12343.
[20] Bhattacharya P, Lin S, Turner JP, Ke PC. Physical Adsorption of Charged Plastic Nanoparticles Affects Algal Photosynthesis, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Cişlt. 114, No. 39, 2010, s.16556-16561.
[21] Watts AJR, Lewis C, Goodhead RM, Beckett SJ, Moger J, Tyler CR, Galloway TS. Uptake and Retention of Microplastics by the Shore Crab Carcinus Maenas, Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 48, No. 15, 2014, s. 88238830.
[22] [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/microplastics-lodge-crab-gills-and-guts], Erişim Tarihi: 05.09.2014.
[23] Derraik JGB. The Pollution of the Marine Environment by Plastic Debris: A Review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 44, 2002, s.842852.
[24] [http://www.dw.de/insects-benefit-from-plastic-waste/a-16161519], Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2014.
[25] [http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-05/09/sea-skaters-plastic], Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2014.
[26] Browne MA, Crump P, Niven SJ, Teuten EL, Tonkin A, Galloway T, Thompson RC. Accumulations of Microplastic on Shorelines Worldwide: Sources and Sinks, Environmental Science&Technology, cilt. 45, 2011, s.9175−9179.
[27] Ivar do Sul JA, Costa MF. The Present and Future of Microplastic Pollution in the Marine Environment, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 185, 2014, s.352-364.
[28] Mato Y, Isobe T, Takada H, Kanehiro H, Ohtake C, Kaminuma T. Plastic Resin Pellets as a Transport Medium for Toxic Chemicals in the Marine Environment, Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 35, No. 2, 2001, s.318-324.
[29] Gabrys J, Hawkins G, Michael M. (Ed.) 11. International Pellet Watch: Studies of the Magnitude and Spatial Variation of Chemical Risks Associated with Environmental Plastics, in Accumulation : The Material Politics of Plastic, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2013, s.184-207.
[30] Talvitie J, Heinonen M. Preliminary Study on Synthetic Microfibers and Particles at a Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plant, 2014.
[31] Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S, Box C, Zellers A, Edwards W, Amato S. Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 77, No. 1, 2013, s.177-182.
[32] Setälä O, Fleming-Lehtinen V, Lehtiniemi M. Ingestion and Transfer of Microplastics in the Planktonic Food Web, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 185, 2014, s.77-78.
[33] Abu-Hilal AH, Al-Najjar TH. Plastic Pellets on the Beaches of the Northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manage, cilt. 12, 2009, s.461-470.
[34] Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, Davis A, Rowland SJ, John AWG, McGonigle D, Russell AE. Lost at Sea: Where is all the Plastic?, Science, Cilt. 304, 2004, s.838.
[35] Doyle MJ, Watson W, Bowlin NM, Sheavly SB. Plastic Particles in Coastal Pelagic Ecosystems of the Northeast Pacific Ocean, Mar. Environ. Res. Cilt. 71, 2011, s.41-52.
[36] [http://www.symbols.com/group/52], Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2014.
[37] [http://wwwtc.pbs.org/strangedays/pdf/StrangeDaysSmartPlasticsGuide.pdf], Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2014.
[38] Corcoran PL, Biesinger MC, Grifi M. Plastics and Beaches: A Degrading Relationship, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 58, 2009, s.80 84.
[39].Zurcher N, Small Plastic Debris on Beaches in Hong Kong: An Initial Investigation, Y. Lisans Tezi, Hong Kong Üniversitesi, Çevre Yönetimi Bölümü, 2009.
[40] Wright SL, Thompson RC, Galloway TS. The Physical Impacts of Microplastics on Marine Organisms: A Review, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 178, 2013, s.483-492.
[41] Besseling E, Wegner A, Foekema EM, Van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Koelmans AA. Effects of Microplastic on Fitness and PCB Bioaccumulation by the Lugworm Arenicola marina (L.), Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 47, No. 1, 2012, s.593-600.
[42] Takada H. Microplastics and the Threat to Our Seafood, in 10, Environmental Organic Geochemist, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology and Founder of International Pellet Watch, 2013.
[43] Brien S. Vinyls Industry Update, Presentationat theWorldVinyl Forum2007, [http://vinyl-institute.com/Publication/WorldVinylForumIII/ VinylIndustryUpdate.aspx].
[44] [http://www.chelsearochman.com/Research.html], Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2014.
[45][http://plasticsoupnews.blogspot.com.tr/2013/07/stephanie-carrow-in-waters-oftrash.html], Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2014.
[46] Rochman CM, Hoh E, Hentschel BT, Kaye S. Long-Term Field Measurement of Sorption of Organic Contaminants to Five Types of Plastic Pellets: Implications for Plastic Marine Debris, Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 47, No. 3, 2013, s.1646-1654.
[47] Farrel P, Nelson K. Trophic Level Transfer of Microplastic: Mytilus edulis (L.) to Carcinus maenas (L.), Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 177, 2013, s.1-3.
[48] Graham ER, Thompson JT. Deposit- and Suspension-Feeding Sea Cucumbers (Echinodermata) Ingest Plastic Fragments, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., Cilt. 368, 2009, s.22-29.
[49] Browne MA, Dissanayake A, Galloway TS, Lowe DM, Thompson RC. Ingested Microscopic Plastic Translocates to the Circulatory System of the Mussel, Mytilus edulis (L.), Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 42, 2008, s.5026-5031.
[50] Cole M, Lindeque P, Fileman E, Halsband C, Goodhead R, Moger J, Galloway TS. Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton, Environmental Science&Technology, Cilt. 47, No. 12, 2013, s.6646-6655.
[51] Ballent A, Pando S, Purser A, Juliano MF, Thomsen L. Modelled Transport of Benthic Marine Microplastic Pollution in the Nazaré Canyon, Biogeosciences, Cilt. 10, 2013, s.7957- 7970.
[52] Morét-Ferguson S, Law KL, Proskurowski G, Murphy EK, Peacock EE, Reddy CM. The Size, Mass, and Composition of Plastic Debris in the Western North Atlantic Ocean, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Cilt. 60, No. 10, 2010, s.1873-1878.
[53] Van Cauwenberghe L, Vanreusel A, Mees J, Janssen CR. Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments, Environmental Pollution, Cilt. 182, 2013, s.495-499.
[54] [http://5gyres.org/how_to_get_involved/campaigns/], Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2014.
[55] Lavender Law K, Moret-Ferguson S, Maximenko NA, Proskurowski G, Peacock EE, Hafner J, Reddy CM. Plastic Accumulation in the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, Science, Cilt. 329, 2010, s.1185-1188.
[56] [http://plasticpollutioncoalition.org/], Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2014.
[57] Chang M. Microplastics in Facial Exfoliating Cleansers, [http://nature.berkeley.edu/classes/es196/projects/2013final/ChangM_2013.pdf], 2013.