Çakallar Monojenik Sinder Konisi’nin Jeolojisi ve Yığışım Lapilli Oluşumları (Kula Na-Alkali Volkanizması-Batı Anadolu)

Yığışım lapillileri esas olarak cam veya camın alterasyon ürünleri olmak üzere tamamen kırıntılı volkanik malzemeden oluşan yaklaşık bezelye büyüklüğünde yapılardır. Yığışım lapillileri, bunları üreten volkanizmanın doğası, volkanizma ürünü kayaçları etkileyen çökelim sonrası değişimler ve stratigrafinin belirlenmesi ile ilgili önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Bu şekilde, volkanik faaliyetlere bağlı olarak gelişen ve bu faaliyetlerin meydana geldiği ortam ve köken açısından önemli ipuçları sağlayan yığışım lapillileri (accretionary lapilli) Kuvaterner yaşlı Na-alkali Kula volkanizmasının (Batı Anadolu) en genç (11.21 ka) ürünü Çakallar Sinder Konisi çevresinde yaygın şekilde gözlenmektedir. Çakallar volkanizması şiddeti az patlamalı-piroklastik püskürme ürünü ince kül yağması ile başlamıştır. Çok katmanlı kül tabakası arasında, eş boyutlu tanelere sahip, kül ara maddeli küresel yığışım lapilli zengin tabaka bulunmaktadır. İkinci evre patlamayla yığışım lapillilerin üzeri ince kül yağması ile tekrar örtülmüştür. Mezolitik dönem insanları Gediz nehri vadisine doğru inerken Çakallar konisinin etrafındaki yumuşak çamur kıvamındaki son kül tabakası üzerinde mükemmel şekilli ayak izlerini bırakmışlardır. Volkanik aktivitenin en son ve şiddetli evresinde Çakallar konisi son şeklini almıştır. Bu son evreye de tanıklık eden Mezolitik dönem insanları, sığınak olarak kullandıkları gnayslar üzerine şiddetli volkanik faaliyeti resimlemiş ve el izlerini bırakmışlardır. Çakallar Sinder Konisi’ne ait Zon-tipi yığışım lapillileri volkanik aktive sırasında gelişen elektrostatik çekim ve buhar fazının etkin olduğu koşulları yansıtmaktadır. Yığışım lapillileri Çakallar konisin püskürttüğü kül-yüklü bulutta, buhar fazının yoğunlaşması ile gelişen yağış sırasında yağmur damlalarının içine aldığı kül yığışımlarının birikmesiyle gelişmiştir ve dolu taneleri şeklinde ilk ince kül tabakası üzerine düşmüştür.

Geology of the Çakallar Monogenic Cinder Cones and Formation of the Accretionary Lapilli (Kula Na-Alkaline Volcanism-Western Anatolia)

The accretionary lapilli are approximately pea-sized particles, consisting essentially of clastic volcanic material, mainly glass or glass alteration products. The accretionary lapilli provide useful information about stratigraphy, the nature of volcanism producing them and post-depositional changes affecting the rocks that they contain. In this way, accretionary lapilli, which develop due to volcanic activity and provide important clues in terms of the environment and origin of these activities, are widely observed in the Çakallar Cinder Cone (Western Anatolia) which is the youngest (11.21 ka) product of the Quaternary Na-alkaline Kula volcanism. The Çakallar volcanism began with fine ash fall which is a low-explosive-pyroclastic eruption product. The ash fall has multiple layers and between these layers, there is a spherical accretionary lapilli-rich intermediate layer with equigranular grain and interstitial ash material. With a second stage explosion, accretionary lapilli has been covered by a very fine-ash fall. People, who lived in the Mesolithic Epoch, left their perfectly shaped footprints on this fine ash-layer which had a soft mud-like viscosity, when they descended towards the Gediz Valley. During the last destructive stage of the volcanic activity, the Çakallar cone has taken its final shape and has thrown volcanic bombs at nearby distances, reaching the meter-sized. The people of the Mesolithic Epoch who witnessed this last stage, also left their hand marks and depicted this volcanic activity on the gneisses (called as the Kanlı Kaya) that they used as shelters. It is emphasized that the accretionary lapilli of the Çakallar Cinder Cone, which is defined as rim-type accretionary lapilli, has probably been formed due to the conditions where the volcanic-related vapor phase was active during the Western Anatolian Quaternary volcanism. These structures probably developed with accumulation of ashfalls in the raindrops during the raining (precipitation) caused by the condensation of the vapor phase in an ash-charged volcanic cloud and fell into the form of hail-like grains.

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