Türkiye’de Hizmetler İhracatının İstihdam Yaratmaya Etkisi

Üretim ve iş süreçlerinin her aşamasında yeralan hizmetler sektörünün istihdam, dış ticaret, yatırımlar ve büyüme bakımından ülke ekonomilerindeki önemi son otuz yıl içinde hızla artmıştır. Uluslararası hizmetler ticareti içinde ihracat, ülkelerin büyümesine doğrudan, istihdamına ise dolaylı olarak etki etmektedir. Bazı hizmet faaliyetlerinin ihale edilmesi (offshoring) hizmetleri ihale eden ülkelerde hizmetler sektöründe istihdamı olumsuz etkileyebilmekte; hizmetlerin ihale edildiği ülkelerde ise hizmetler sektöründe istihdamı artırabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de hizmetler ihracatının hizmetler sektöründe istihdam yaratmaya etkisi olup olmadığı ampirik verilerle analiz edilmiş ve göreli olarak ulaşım, seyahat gibi alt kategorileri kapsayan ikinci grup hariç, olumlu veya olumsuz herhangi bir ilişki bulunamamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Hizmetler İhracatı, , İstihdam Yaratma

PDF

___

Ahmmad, T. & Abou-Zaid, A. S. (2017). From Trade Deficit in Goods to Trade Surplus in Services: An Eclectic and Extended Gravity Model Approach to Analyzing the Determinants of Service Trade of the United States. IUP Journal of Applied Economics, 16(2), 7-38.
Amiti, M. & Wei, S. (2005a). Service Offshoring, Productivity, and Employment: Evidence from the United States. IMF Working Paper 239.
Amiti, M. & Wei, S. (2005b). Fear of service outsourcing: Is it justified? Economic Policy 20(42), 308–347.
Ariu, A. & Mion, G. (2016). Service Trade and Occupational Tasks: An Empirical Investigation. The World Economy, 40(9), 1866-1889.
Basu, K. & Maertens, A. (2009). The Growth of Industry and Services in South Asia and its Impact on Employment. Ghani, E. & Ahmed, S. (ed), Accelerating Growth and Job Creation in South Asia (81-140). New York: Oxford University Press.
Baumgarten, D. (2015). Offshoring, the Nature of Tasks, and Occupational Stability: Empirical Evidence for Germany. The World Economy, 38(3), 479-508.
Blinder, A.S. (2007). How Many U.S. Jobs Might Be Offshorable? Princeton University CEPS Working Paper No. 142.
Chanda, R. (2011). Impact of Services Trade Liberalization on Employment and People Movement in South Asia. Asian Development Bank Working Paper no: 339, 1-46.
Chen, H. & Walley, J. (2014). China’s Service Trade. Journal of Economic Surveys, 28(4), 746–774.
DCMS, (2018). Services. Erişim Tarihi: 26.11.2017, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-digital-culture-media-sport
Delimatsis, P. (2017). The Evolution of the EU External Trade Policy in Services– CETA, TTIP, and TiSA after Brexit. Journal of International Economic Law, 20(3), 583–625.
EC, EU. Avrupa Komisyonu. Erişim Tarihi: 10.12.2017, https://ec.europa.eu/info/topics/single-market/services-general-interest_en
EuroStat, (2016). International Trade in Services. Erişim Tarihi: 18.12.2017, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/
Hjzen, A., Pisu, M. & Wright, P.W. (2011). Employment, job turnover, and trade in producer services: UK firm-level evidence. The Canadian Journal of Economics, 44(3), 1020- 1043.
ILO, (2017). Statistics in Services.
IMF, (2010). Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Sixth Edition (BPM6), Chapter 10, January 2010, 1 / 43. Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2017, http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/pdf/chap10.pdf
Karam, F. & Zaki, C. (2015). Trade volume and economic growth in the MENA region: Goods or services? Economic Modelling, 45(C), 22-37.
Kucera, D. & Roncolato, L. (2011). Trade liberalization, employment and inequality in India and South Africa. International Labour Review, 150 (1–2), 1-41.
Jensen, J. B. (2008). Trade in High-Tech Services. Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, 8, 181-197.
Melikhova,Y., Bazo, L., Holubcova, I. & Camacho, J. A. (2015). Trade in services and tertiarisation of the Visegrád Four economies, Post-Communist Economies, 27(1), 1-22.
Miroudot, S. & Cadestin, C. (2017). Services in Global Value Chains: Trade patterns and gains from specialization. OECD Trade Policy Papers, No. 208, 1-48.
Mitra, A. (2011). Trade in services: Impact on employment in India. The Social Science Journal, 48, 72-93.
OECD, (2010). EBOPS. Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2017, https://www.oecd.org/std/its/ebops-2010.pdf
OECD, (2012). FDI Statistics.
OECD, (2018). FDI Statistics According to Benchmark Definition 3rd edition BMD3.
Samuelson, P.A. (2004). International factor-price equalization once again. Economic Journal, 58(234), 181-197.
Sousa, N., Rueda-Cantuche, J. M., Arto, I. & Andreoni, V. (2012). Extra-EU Exports and Employment. Avrupa Komisyonu, Rapor. Erişim Tarihi: 19.02.2018, http://ec.europa.eu/trade/analysis/cheif-economist.
TC Ekonomi Bakanlığı. Hizmetler Ticareti. Erişim Tarihi: 11.01.2018, https://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/portal/faces/home/hizmetTicareti
TCMB, (2017). Ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri. Erişim Tarihi: 27.10.2017, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/TR/TCMB+TR/Main+Menu/Istatistikler/Odemeler+Dengesi+ve+Ilgili+Istatistikler
UN, Statistics in Services. Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2017, https://unstats.un.org/unsd/cr/registry/regcst.asp?Cl=27
UN, (2010). MSITS, United Nations’ Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services. Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2017, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/tfsits/manual.htm
UNCTAD, (2013). The impact of trade on employment and poverty reduction. No: TD/B/C.I/29.
UNCTAD, (2016). Handbook of Statistics, International Trade in Services.
Winkler, D. (2009). Services Offshoring and its impact on the Labor Market. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, Springer.
WTO, Trade in Services. Erişim Tarihi: 08.01.2018, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/cbt_course_e/c1s4p1_e.htm