KİEL KANALININ HUKUKÎ REJİMİNE DAİR BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Okyanuslar-arası üç kanaldan biri olan Kiel Kanalının hukukî rejimi incelenmelidir. Kanalın inşası askerî plânlar çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. 1887 ilâ 1895 arasında Alman iç suyolu olarak inşa edilen Kanal, inşası biter bitmez sınırsız Alman egemenliğine altına sokulmuştur. Bu tarihle I. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar olan zaman diliminde Almanya, özellikle üçüncü ülkelerin ticaret gemilerine kanalı kullanma izni vermiştir. Bu izin, bu gemiler için bir hak değil, Alman Hükûmetince tanınan bir imtiyazdan başka bir şey değildir. I. Dünya Savaşında Almanya'nın yenilgisiyle durum değişmiş, Versailles Barış Antlaşmasının imzalanmasıyla ilgili antlaşmanın 380. maddesi marifetiyle uluslararası rejim altına sokulmuştur. Bu rejim, 1923 tarihli Wimbledon Dâvasında Uluslararası Sürekli Adalet Divanınca da teyit edilmiştir. Fakat, 1936 yılında Hitler Versailles Barış Antlaşmasının ilgili hükümlerini geçersiz olarak ilân etmiş ve ilginç olarak ilgili devletlerden asgarî düzeyde kınama görmüştür. II. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında ise Kiel Kanalına ilişkin durum belirsizdir. Bazıları, Versailles Antlaşması rejiminin tekrar tesis edildiğini ifade etmiştir. Fakat, görüldüğü kadarıyla, kanala ilişkin Alman uygulamalarının ve bu uygulamalara dair uluslararası kamuoyunun tepkisi farklı bir durumu ortaya koymaktadır. Böylece, bu kısa çalışmada Kiel Kanalının hukukî rejimi doktorinal görüşler yardımıyla ve gerekirse diğer okyanuslar-arası kanalların rejimiyle muka-yese edilerek analiz edilecek ve ortaya konulacaktır.

AN ESSAY RELATING TO THE LEGAL REGIME OF THE KIEL CANAL

As one of the three inter-oceanic canals, the legal regime of the Kiel Canal needs to be elaborated. The strategic naval plans, at the time, had justified its construction. It was constructed as a German internal waterway between 1887 to 1895, and was placed under the unrestricted German sovereignty as soons as the fulfilment of its construction. Between the date of construction and the end of the I. World War, Germany gave its consent, particularly to merchant vessels of the third countries to use the canal. But that passage wasn't a right for these foreign vessels, merely a privilege, which was recognised by the German Government. This situation had changed after the defeat of Germany in the I. World War, and with the conclusion of Versailles Peace Treaty in 1919 Kiel Canal had been placed under the international regime according to the Article 380 of the said treaty. This regime was reteriated in the Wimbledon Case by the PCIJ in 1923. But, in 1936 Hitler had declared the provisions of the Versailles Treaty related to Kiel Canal as void and null, suprisingly with the minimum amount of protests, especially by the States concerned. After the II. World War the situation related to Kiel Canal has been somehow ambiguous. Some claimed that the regime of Versailles Treaty had been reestablished. But, as it would appear, German practice towards the canal and the response from the international community to that practice beg to differ. Hence, in this short essay the legal regime of the canal will be analyzed and revealed by the help of doctorinal opinion, and if necessary, comparing its legal regime to the legal regime of the other inter-oceanic canals.

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