DİNDARLIK VE EVLİLİĞE BAĞLILIK: ‘ÖLÜM BİZİ AYIRINCAYA DEK’ İN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Bu çalışmanın amacı, dini faktör ile evliliğe olan bağlılık arasındaki bağlantıları gözden geçirmektir. Birinci bölümde evliliğe bağlılığın doğası ve anlamı kısaca tartışılmaktadır. İkinci bölümde, dini bağlılığı ve evlilikteki istikrar ve doyumunu açıklamada bir yordayıcı olarak kullanılan araştırma incelenmektedir. Dini bağlılık, evlilikleri bir arada tutabilmede önemli bir etken olarak görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, “bağlılığın”, daha muhafazakâr dini gruplara fiili katılıma kıyasla dini faktörün daha az önemli bir kriter olduğuna yönelik artan deliller vardır. Üçüncü bölümde, dini bağlılık (dini katılım, dindarlık ölçekleri ve dini cemaat tarafından belirtildiği gibi) ile evlilik ve aileye bağlılık arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmektedir. Dini bağlılık, evlilik doyumu ve istikrarı ile açık ve oldukça tutarlı bir ilişki içerisindedir. Ancak yine de deliller kesin olmaktan uzaktır. Araştırmada dini faktörün kullanımında çeşitli teorik ve metodolojik kaygılar dile getirilmektedir. Gelecek çalışmalar için öneriler yapılmıştır.

Religiosity and Marital Commitment: 'Until Death Do Us Part' Revisited

The purpose of this paper is to review the linkages between the religious factor and commitment to marriage. The nature and meaning of marital commitment are briefly discussed in the first section. The section two examines the research by utilising religious affiliation as a predictor in explaining marital stability and satisfaction. Religious affiliation seems to be a significant influence in holding marriages together. There is, however, increasing evidence that "affiliation" is a less elegant measure of the religious factor than actual participation in more conservative religious groups. The third section reviews the linkages between religious commitment (as indicated by religious attendance, measures of religiosity, and religious community) and commitment to marriage and family. Religious commitment is an apparent and quite consistent correlate of marital satisfaction and stability. The evidence, even so, is far from definitive. Several theoretical and methodological concerns over the set on the religious factor in research are uttered. Some suggestions on the issue are made for further research.

___

  • Albrecht, S. & Kunz, P. (1980). “The Decision to Divorce: A Social Exchange Perspective”. Journal of Divorce. 3:319-337.
  • Babchuk, N., Crockett, H. and Ballweg, J. (1967). “Change in Religious Affiliation”. Social Force. 45:551-555.
  • Bahr, H. M.. (1981). “Religious Intermarriage and Divorce in Utah and the Mountain states”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 20:251-261.
  • Bahr, H. & Chadwick, B. (1985). “Religion and Family in Middletown, USA”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 47:407-414.
  • Becker, H. S. (1960). “Notes on the Concept of Commitment”. American Joumal of Sociology 66:32-40.
  • Bellah, R. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swidler, A. and Tipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Bibby, R. W. (1987). Fragmented Gods: The Poverty and Potential of Religion in Canada. Toronto: Irwin Publishing.
  • Booth, A., Johnson, D. R., White, L. K. and Edwards, J. N. (1985). “Predicting Divorce and Separation”. Journal of Family Issues. 6:331-346.
  • Booth, A. & Johnson. D. R. (1988). “Premarital Cohabitation and Marital Success”. Joumal of Family Issues. 9: 255-272.
  • Booth, A. & White, L. (1980). “Thinking About Divorce”. Journal of Marriage and the Fa-mily. 42:605-616.
  • Booth, A., Johnson D. R., White, L .K. and Edwards J. N. (1986). “Divorce an Marital Insta-bility Over the Life Course”. Joumal of Social Issues. 7: 421-442.
  • Brodbar-Nemzer, J. Y. (1986). “Divorce and Group Commitment: The Case of the Jews”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 48:329-340.
  • Broderick, J. E. (1981). “A Method for Derivation of Areas for Assessment in Marital relati-onships”. The American Joumal of Family Therapy 9:25-34.
  • Bugaighis, M. A., Schumm, W. R., Jurich, A. P. and Bollmann, S. R. (1985/86). “Factors As-sociated with Thoughts of Marital Separation”. Joumal of Divorce. 9: 49-59.
  • Bumpass, L. L. & Sweet, J. A. (1972). “Differentials in Marital Instability: 1970”. Ameican Sociological Review. 37:754-766.
  • Burns, A. (1984). “Perceived Causes of Marital Breakdown and Conditions of Life”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 46:551-562.
  • Burr, W. R., Hill, R., Nye, F. I. and Reiss, I. L. (Ed.). (1979). Contemporary Theories about the Family. I. New York: The Free Press,
  • Chadwick, B. A., Albrecht, S. L. and Kunz. P. R. (1976). “Marital and Family Role Satisfac-tion”. Journal of Marriage and the Family 38:431-440.
  • Cherlin, A. (1980). “Religion and Remarriage: Reply to Halliday”. American Joumal of Soci-ology 86:636-640.
  • Chesser, E. (1957). The Sexual, Marital and Family Relationships of the English Woman. New York: Roy.
  • Chi, S. K. & Houseknecht, S. K. (1985). “Protestant Fundamentalism and Marital SuccessA: Comparative Approach”. Sociology and Social Research 69:351-375.
  • Christensen H. T. (1964). “Development of the Family Field of Study.” Handbook of Marria-ge and the Family. Ed. H.T. Christensen. Chicago: Rand McNally: 3-32.
  • Christensen, H. T. & Meissner, H. H. (1953). “Studies in Child Spacing: Premarital Pregnancy as a Factor in Divorce”. American Sociological Review. 18:641-644.
  • Clodfelter, J. L. (1977). Marital Commitment: Definition and Evaluation. Doctoral Disserta-tion. Ohio University.
  • Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co. (1981). Report on American Values in the 80s: The Intpact of Belief . Hartford, CT.
  • Edwards, J. N. & Saunders, J. M.. “Coming Apart: A Model of the Marital Dissolution Deci-sion”. Journal of Marriage and the Family 43 (1981), 379-389.
  • Filsinger, E. E. & Wilson, M. R. (1984). “Religiosity, Socioeconomic Rewards, and Family Development: Predictors of Marital Adjustment”. Joumal of Mariage and the Family 46:663-670.
  • Fitzpatrick, M. A. (1988). Between Husbands and Wives: Communication in Marriage. Be-verly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Glenn, N. D. & Supancic, M. (1984). “The Social and Demographic Correlates of Divorce and Separation in the United States: An Update and Reconsideration”. Journal of Marriage and the Family 46:563-575.
  • Glenn, N. D. & Weaver, C. N. (1978). “A Multivariate, Multisurvey Study of Marital Happi-ness”. Joumal of Maniage and the Family 40:269-282.
  • Glenn, N. D. & Shelton, B. A. (1983). “Pre-adult Background characteristics and Divorce: A Note of Caution about Overreliance on Explained Variance”. Joumal of Maniage and the Family. 45:405-470.
  • Glenn, N. D. (1987). “The Trend in "No Religion" Respondents to U.S. National Surveys Late 1950s to Early 1980s”. Public Opinion Quarterly. 51:293-314.
  • Glock, C. Y. & Stark, R.(1965). Religion and Society in Tension. Chicago: Rand McNally.
  • Goltz, J. W. (1987). Correlates of Marital Commitment. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Edmonton: University of Alberta.
  • Goltz, J. W. & Larson, L. E. (1989). Individualism, Religion and Marital commitment. Paper in submission.
  • Goode, W. J. (1956). Women in Divorce. New York: The Free Press.
  • Gruner, L. (1985). “The Correlation of Private, Religious Devotional Practices and Marital Adjustment”. Joumal of Comparative Family Studies. 16:47-59.
  • Halliday, T. C. (1980). “Remarriage - the More Complete Institution”. American Joumal of Sociology. 86:630-635.
  • Hansen, G. L. (1981). “Marital Adjustment and Conventionalization: A Reexamination”. Jo-urnal of Marriage and the Family. 43:855-863.
  • Hartley, S. F. (1978). “Marital Satisfaction Among Clergy Wives”. Review of Religious Re-search. 19:178-191.
  • Hatch, R. C., James, D. E. and Schumm, W. R. (1986). “Spiritual Intimacy and Marital Satis-faction”. Family Relations. 35:539-545.
  • Heaton, T. B., Albrecht, S. L. and Martin, T. K. (1985). “The Timing of Divorce”. Joumal of Marriage and the Family. 47:631-639.
  • Hillsdale, P. (1962). “Marriage as a Personal Existential Commitment”. Marriage and Family Living. 24:137-143.
  • Hunt, R. A. & King, M. B. (1978). “Religiosity and Marriage”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 77:399-406.
  • Johnson, M. P. (1973). “Commitment: A Conceptual Structure and Empirical Application”. Sociological Quarterly. 14:395-406.
  • Johnson, M. P. (1985). “Commitment, Cohesion, Investment, Barriers, Alternatives, Constra-int: Why do People Stay Together when They Really Don’t Want to?” Unpublished pa-per.
  • Jorgensen. R. & Johnson, A. C. (1980). “Correlates of Divorce Liberality”. Joumal of Marriage and the Family. 42:617-626.
  • Jorgensen, S. R. (1979). “Socioeconomic Rewards and Perceived Marital Quality: A Reexamination”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 41:825-835.
  • Jorgensen, S. R. & Klein, D. (1979). “Sociocultural Heterogamy, Dissensus, and Conflict in Marriage”. Pacific Sociological Review. 22:51-75.
  • Kanter, R. - M. (1968). “Commitment and Social Organisation: A Study of Commitment Mechanismsin Utopian Communities”. American Sociological Review. 33:499-517.
  • Kate, P. K. (1983). Dimensions of Marital Commitment: Definition and Assessment. Doctoral Dissertation. North Texas University.
  • Kelly, E. L. & Conley, J. J. (1987). Personality and Compatibility: A Prospective Analysis of Marital Stability and Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Personatity and Social Psychology 52:27-40.
  • Kiesler, C. (1971). The Psychology of Commitment. New York: Academic press.
  • Kimmons, N. C. (1980). Marital Commitment: An Assessment of the Normative and Interper-sonal Dimensions. Doctoral Dissertation. Florida State University.
  • Kitson, G. C., Babri, K. B. and Roach, M. J. (1985). “Who Divorces and Why: A Review”. Journal of Family Issues. 6:255-293.
  • Kunz, P. R. & Albrecht, S. L. (1977). “Religion, Marital Happiness and Divorce”. Internatio-nal Journal of Sociology of the Family. 7:227-232.
  • Landis, J. T. (1949). “Marriages of Mixed and Non-mixed Religious Faith”. American Socio-logical Review. 14:401-406.
  • Larson, L. E. & Goltz, J. W. (1989). “Religious Participation and Marital Commitment”. Re-view of Religious Research. 30:387-400.
  • Larson, L. E. & Munro, B. (1985). “Religious Intermarriage in Canada, 1974-1982”. Interna-tional Journal of the Sociology of the Family. 15:31-49.
  • Larson, L. E. & Munro, B.. “Religious Intermarriage in Canada in the 1980s”. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, (in press).
  • Lauer, J. C. & Lauer, R. H. (1986b). 'Til Death do us Part: How Couples Stay Together. New York: The Haworth Press.
  • Lauer, R. H. & Lauer, J. C. (1986a). “Factors in Long-term Marriages”. Joumal of Family Issues. 7: 382-390.
  • Leik, R. & Leik, S. (1979). “Transition to Interpersonal Commitment”. Behavioral Theory in Sociology. Ed. R. C. Hamblin and J. H. Kunkel. New Brunswick, NY: Transaction Bo-oks: 299-322.
  • Levinger, G. (1965). “Marital Cohesiveness and Dissolution: An Integrative Review”. Joumal of Marriage and the Family. 27: l9-28.
  • Levinger, G. (1976). “A Social Psychological Perspective on Marital Dissolution”. Journal of Social Issues 32:21-48.
  • Lewis, R. A. & Spanier, G. B. (1979). “Theorizing about the Quality and Stability of Marria-ge”. Contemporary Theories About the Family. Ed. W. Burr, R. Hill, I. Reiss and F. I. Nye. 1. Glencoe, ILL: Free Press :268-294.
  • Locke, H. J. (1951). Predicting Adjustment in Marriage: A Comparison of a Divorced and a Happily Married Group. New York: Holt.
  • Lund, M. (1985). “The Development of Investment and Commitment Scales for Predicting continuity of Personal Relationships”. Joumal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2:3-23.
  • Maneker, J. S. & Rankin, R. P. (1987). “Correlates and Comparisons of Marital Duration of Black and White Couples in California, 1966-1976”. Journal of Divorce. 11:33-49.
  • McCarthy, J. A. (1979). “Religious Commitment, Affiliation, and Marital Dissolution”. The Religious Dimension: New directions in Quantitative Research. Ed. R. Wuthnow. New York Academic Press:179-197.
  • McRae, J. A., Jr. (1978). “The Secularization of Divorce”. Sex Typing and Social Roles. Ed. B. Duncan and O. T. Duncan. New York: Academic Press: 227-242.
  • Moller, A. S. (1975). “Jewish-gentile Divorce in California”. Jewish Sociol Studies. 37:279-290.
  • Nye, F. I., White, L. and Frideres, J. S. (1973). “A Preliminary Theory of Marital Stability: Two models”. International Joumal of Sociology of the Family. 3:102-122.
  • Olson, R. (1988). An Exploratory Study of Defining and Measuring Expressions of Marital Commitment. M.Ed. Thesis. University of Alberta.
  • Ortega, S. T., Whitt, H. P. and Williams, J. A., Jr. (1988). “Religious Homogamy and Marital Happiness”. Joumal of Family Issues. 9: 224-239.
  • Pryor, E. & Norris, D. (1988). “Religion and the Family Cycle”. Canadian Sndies in Popula-tion 15:159-180.
  • Sabatelli, R. M. & Cecil-Pigo, E. F. (1985). “Relational Interdependence and Commitment in Marriage”. Joumal of Marriage and the Family. 47: 931-937.
  • Sabatelli, R . M. & Pearce, D. J. (1986). “Exploring Marital Expectations”. Joumal of Social and Personal Relationships. 3:307- 321.
  • Scanzoni, J. & Arnett, C. (1987). “Enlarging the Understanding of Marital Commitment Via Religious Devoutness, Gender Role Preferences, and Locus of Marital Control”. Joumal of Family Issues. 8:136-156.
  • Schumm, W. R., Bollman, S. R. and Jurich, A. P. (1982). “The "Marital Conventionalization" Argument: Implications for the Study of Religiosity and Marital Satisfaction”. Joumal of Psychologt and Theologt. 10:236-241.
  • Schumm, W. R. (1985). “Beyond Relationship Characteristics of Strong Families: Construc-ting a Model of Family Strengths”. Family Perspective. 19:1-9.
  • Shrum, W. (1980). “Religion and Marital Instability Change in the 1970s?” Review of Religi-ous Research. 21:35-147.
  • St. George, A. & McNamara, P. (1984). “Religion, Race, and Psychological Well Being”. Joumal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 23:351-363.
  • Stanley, S. (1986). Commitment and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Relationships. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Denver.
  • Stinnett, N. & Sauer, K H. (1977). “Relationship Characteristics of Strong Families”. Family Perspective. 11:3-11.
  • Stinnett, N. (1979a). “Strengthening Families”. Family Perspective. 13:3-9.
  • Stinnett, N. (1979b). “In Search of Strong Families”. Building Family Stengths: Blueprints for Action. Ed. N. Stinnett, B. Chesser and J. DeFrain. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebras-ka Press: 23-30.
  • Stinnett, N., Sanders, G., DeFrain, J. and Parkhurst, A. (1982). “A Nationwide Study of Fa-milies who Perceive Themselves as Strong”. Family Perspective. 16:15-22.
  • Sweet, J. A. (1973). “Differentials in Remarriage Probabilities”. Center for Demography and Ecology Working Paper. Madison: Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin:73-29.
  • Teachman, J. D. (1982). “Methodological Issues in the Analysis of Family Formation and Dissolution”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 44:1037-1053.
  • Thomas, D. & Henry, G. (1985). “The Religion and Family connection: Increasing Dialogue in the Social Sciences”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 47:147-151.
  • Thornton, A. (1975). Marital Instability and Fertility. Ph.D Thesis. Universiry of Michigan.
  • Wilson, M, R. - Filsinger, E. E. (1986). “Religiosity and Marital Adjustment: Multidimensio-nal lnterrelationships”. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 48:147-151.
  • Wyatt, P. (1983). Dimensions of Marital Commitment Definition and Assessment. North Texas State University: Doctoral Dissertation.