TÜRK KAHVESİNİN YANINA ALMAN ÇİKOLATASINI KİM KOYDU? TÜRKİYE'DEKİ ALMAN GELİNLERİN ULUSAŞIRI EKONOMİK PRATİKLERİ

Dünya genelinde karma evliliklere bağlı göçler artmaktadır. Buna paralel olarak ulusaşırı ekonomik pratikler sürdüren göçmenler içinde evlilik göçmenleri de artmaya başlamıştır. Bu sürecin çeşitli mekânsal yansımaları görülmeye başlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte etnik kimliğin ve evlilik statüsünün gidilen ülkedeki anlamına göre evlilik göçmenlerinin bu pratikleri sürdürmelerinde büyük mekânsal farklılıklar görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, etnik kimliğin ve evlilik statüsünün, yaygın karma evlilik göçü paterninin tipik bir örneği olmayan Türkiye'deki Alman evlilik göçmenlerinin ulusaşırı ekonomik pratiklerine etkisi ortaya konmaktadır. 7 ilde yaşayan 16 evlilik göçmeniyle yapılan derinlemesine görüşmelere dayanarak, etnik kimliğin ve evlilik statüsünün Türkiye'deki Alman evlilik göçmenlerinin ekonomik pratikler sürdürmelerini desteklemeye hizmet ettiği; bu pratikler yoluyla ulusaşırı ortaklıkların arttığı ve pek çok işin dijitalleşmesinin hızlandığı görülmüştür.

WHO PUT GERMAN CHOCOLATE NEXT to TURKISH COFFEE? TRANSNATIONAL ECONOMIC PRACTICES of the GERMAN BRIDE in TURKEY

Mixed marriage and related migration are increasing around the world. Some of marriage migrants engage in transnational economic activities in various ways. This process has various spatial reections. However, according to the meaning of ethnic identity and marital status in the destination country, there are great spatial differences in the continuation of these practices by marriage migrants. One of the countries where these differences are seen is Turkey. In this study, the spatial context of the economic practical of German marriage migrants in Turkey is being examined. In-depth interviews were held with 16 marriage immigrants living in 7 different cities. It is evident that due to ethnicity and marital status, transnational economic practices of German women supported by families and the Turkish society. An important nding of the study is that through these practices, transnational partnerships are increasing and the digitalization of many businesses is accelerating.

PDF

___

Aydın, Yaşar. The Germany-Turkey Migration Corridor: Refitting Policies for a Transnational Age. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2016. Web. 16 Eylül 2019.
Akgündüz, Ahmet. “Labour Migration from Turkey to Western Europe (1960–1974).” Capital and Class 17. 3 (1993): 153-194. Web. 20 Eylül 2019.
Amelina, Anna ve Thomas Faist. “Turkish Migrant Associations in Germany: Between Integration Pressure and Transnational Linkages.” Revue Européenne des Migrations Internationales (REMI) 24. 2 (2008): 91-120. Web. 25 Eylül 2019.
Bahar, Halil İbrahim ve diğerleri. “Older Migrants to the Mediterranean: The Turkish Example.” Population, Space and Place 15. 6 (2009): 509–522. Web. 25 Ekim 2019.
Beck, Ulrich ve Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. “Passage to Hope: Marriage, Migration, and the Need for a Cosmopolitan Turn in Family Research.” Journal of Family Theory & Review 2 (2010): 401-414. Web. 20 Eylül 2019.
Bélanger, Daniele ve Tran Giang Linh. “The Impact of Transnational Migration on Gender and Marriage in Sending Communities of Vietnam.” Current Sociology 59. 1 (2011): 59–77. Web. 12 Kasım 2019.
Bélanger, Daniele, Tran Giang Linh ve Le Bach Duong. “Marriage Migrants as Emigrants.” Asian Population Studies 7. 2 (2011): 89-105. Web. 17 Kasım 2019.
Blommaert, Jan. Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Bryant, John, Murat Genç ve David Law. “Trade and Migration to New Zealand.” New Zealand Treasury Working Paper 4. 18 (2004). Web. 20 Eylül 2019.
Carol, Sarah, Evelyn Ersanilli ve Mareike Wagner. “Spousal Choice among the Children of Turkish and Moroccan Immigrants in Six European Countries: Transnational Spouse or Co-ethnic Migrant?” International Migration Review 48. 2 (2014); 387-414. Web. 02 Kasım 2019.
Chai, Alice Yun. “Picture Brides: Feminist Analysis of Life Histories of Hawaii’s Early Immigrant Women from Japan, Okinawa, and Korea.” Seeking Common Ground: Multidisciplinary Studies of Immigrant Women in the United States. Ed. Donna Gabaccia, Londra, Greenwood Press. 1992. 123–138.
Charsley, Katharine ve diğerleri. “Marriage-Related Migration to the UK.” International Migration Review 46. 4 (2012): 861–890. Web. 10 Mart 2019.
Cohen, Erik. Thai Tourism. Hill Tribes, Islands and Open-Ended Prostitution. Bangkok: White Lotus Press, 2001.
Cole, Jennifer. “Producing Value among Malagasy Marriage Migrants in France.” Current Anthropology 55. 9 (2014): 85–94. Web. 20 Şubat 2020.
Collins, Jock ve Angelina Low. “Asian Female Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium-sized Businesses in Australia.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22. 1 (2010): 97–111. Web. 23 Ekim 2019.
Collins, Jock ve diğerleri, ed. A Shop Full of Dreams: Ethnic Small Business in Australia. Leichhardt: Pluto Press, 1995.
Constable, Nicole. Romance on a Global Stage: Pen Pals, Virtual Ethnography, and ‘Mail Order’ Marriages. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.
Constable, Nicole. “The Commodification of Intimacy: Marriage, Sex and Reproductive Labor.” Annual Review of Anthropology 38 (2009): 49–64. Web. 02 Mart 2020.
Constable, Nicole, ed. Cross-Border Marriages: Gender and Mobility in Transnational Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.
Dannecker, Petra ve Alev Çakır. “Female Migrant Entrepreneurs in Vienna: Mobility and its Embeddedness.” Österreich Zeitschrift für Soziologie 41 (2016): 97-113. Web. 26 Ekim 2019.
Faist, Thomas. The Volume and Dynamics of International Migration and Transnational Social Spaces. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Faist, Thomas ve Eyüp Özveren. Transnational Social Spaces: Agents, Networks, and Institutions. Ashgate: Aldershot, Hants. 2004.
Fan, Cindy ve Youqin Huang. “Waves of Rural Brides: Female Marriage Migration in China.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 88. 2 (1998): 227– 251.
Fan, Cindy ve Ling Li. “Marriage and Migration in Transitional China: A Field Study of Gaozhou, Western Guangdong.” Environment and Planning A 34. 4 (2002): 619–638.
González-Ferrer, Amparo. “Who Do Immigrants Marry? Partner Choice Among Single Immigrants in Germany.” European Sociological Review 22. 2 (2006): 171- 185. Web. 02 Kasım 2019.
Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo. “The Economics of Transnational Living.” International Migration Review 37. 3 (2003): 666-699. Web. 15 Aralık 2019.
Hill Maher, Kristin ve Megan Lafferty. “White Migrant Masculinities in Thailand and the Paradoxes of Western Privilege.” Social and Cultural Geography 15. 4 (2014): 427-448. Web. 1 Ocak 2020.
Huschek, Doreen, Helga, A G. de Valk ve Aart C. Liefbroer. “Partner Choice Patterns Among the Descendants of Turkish Immigrants in Europe.” European Journal of Population-Revue Européenne de Démographie 28. 3 (2012): 241-268. Web. 02 Kasım 2019.
Javorcik, Beata S. ve diğerleri. “Migrant Networks and Foreign Direct Investment.” Policy Research Working Paper, 4046. World Bank, Washington, DC. World Bank, 2006. Web. 15 Nisan 2019.
Kaiser, Bianca. “50 Years and Beyond: The “Mirror” of Migration- German Citizens in Turkey.” Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 17. 2 (2012); 113-124. Web. 12 Kasım 2019.
Kaiser, Bianca. “Türkiye’deki Avrupa Birliği Yurttaşları: Siyasal ve Toplumsal Katılımın Önündeki Engeller.” Kökler ve Yollar: Türkiye’de Göç Süreçleri, Ed. Ayhan Kaya ve Bahar Şahin. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2007. 475-490.
Kaya, Ayhan. “Transnational Citizenship: German-Turks and Liberalizing Citizenship Regimes.” Citizenship Studies 16. 2 (2012): 153-172. Web. 02 Mart 2020.
Kaya, Ayhan. “German-Turkish Transnational Space: A Separate Space of Their Own.” German Studies Review 30. 3 (2007): 483-502. Web. 22 Mart 2020.
Kim, Minjeong. “Citizenship Projects for Marriage Migrants in South Korea: Intersecting Motherhood with Ethnicity and Class.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 20. 4 (2013), 455-481. Web. 9 Mart 2020.
Klein, Thomas. “Intermarriages between Germans and Foreigners in Germany.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 32. 3 (2001): 325-346. Web. 22 Mart 2020.
Kovocs, W. L. “Will they Remain Foreigners? A Review of W. D. Borrie's Italians and Germans in Australia.” Australian Outlook 10. 3 (1956): 32-39. Web. 02 Mart 2020.
Kurian, Rachel. “Women Entrepreneurs from Minority Groups: Best Practices amongst Women from Suriname in The Hague.” Maastricht School of Management 13 (2014):1-17. Web. 20 Kasım 2019.
Lauser, Andrea. “Philippine Women on the Move: Marriage Across Borders.” International Migration 46. 4 (2008): 85-110. Web. 26 Ekim 2019.
Light, Ivan. Ethnic Enterprise in America. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1972.
Light, Ivan ve Carolyn Rosenstein. Race, Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship in Urban America. New York: Aldine de Gruyter Inc. 1995. Web. 20 Eylül 2019.
Low, Angelina. Embedded Intersections of Immigrant Female Entrepreneurship: A Study of Asian-Born Women Entrepreneurs in Sydney. PhD Thesis by Research, Faculty of Business, University of Technology, Sydney, Avustralya, 2004.
Mahler, Sarah J. “Migration and Transnational Issues. Recent Trends and Prospects for 2020.” CA 2020: Working Paper 4. Hamburg: Institut für IberoamerikaKunde. Web. 20 Eylül 2019.
Martin, Philip. “Turkey-EU Migration: The Road Ahead.” Perceptions 2 (2012): 125– 144. Web. 02 Şubat 2020.
Maurizio, Ambrosini. “Migrants' Entrepreneurship in Transnational Social Fields: Research in the Italian Context.” International Review of Sociology-Revue Internationale de Sociologie 22. 2 (2012): 273-292. Web. 20 Şubat 2020.
Maydell, Elena. “We Need Engineers, not Russian Brides: Cultural Stereotypes in New Zealand Print Media and What the Engineers Have to Say.” Communication Research and Practice 3. 4 (2016): 335-357. Web. 26 Kasım 2019.
Palriwala, Rajni ve Patricia. Uberoi. “Marriage and Migration in Asia.” Indian Journal of Gender Studies 12. 2-3 (2005): 5–29. Web. 05 Ocak 2020.
Patzelt, Anke. “A Totally New World has been Opening up for Me’– Experiences of Older German Migrants Who are Actively Involved in the German-Speaking Community in Ottawa, Canada.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 43. 2 (2017): 218-234. Web. 22 Mart 2020.
Piper, Nicola. “Wife or Worker? Worker or Wife? Marriage and Cross-border Migration in Contemporary Japan.” International Journal of Population Geography 9 (2003): 457-469. Web. 21 Ocak 2020.
Portes, Alejandro. “Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview.” The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship. Ed. Alejandro Portes, New York: Russell Sage, 1995. 1-41.
Portes, Alejandro, Luis Eduardo Guarnizo ve Patricia Landolt. “The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22. 2 (1999): 217–27. Web. 15 Şubat 2020.
Portes, Alejandro, Luis Eduardo Guarnizo ve William J. Haller. “Transnational Entrepreneurs: An Alternative Form of Immigrant Economic Adaptationç” American Sociological Review 67. 2 (2002): 278-298. Web. 15 Şubat 2020.
Pusch, Barbara. “Karşı İstikametten Göç: Türkiye’deki Yüksek Vasıflı Alman Kadınlar.” Sosyoloji Dergisi 3. 27 (2013): 123-149. Web. 05 Ocak 2020.
Raingard, Esser. “Language No Obstacle: War Brides in the German Press, 1945-49”. Women's History Review 12. 4 (2003): 577-603. Web. 26 Kasım 2019.
Rusinovic, Katja. “Transnational Embeddedness: Transnational Activities and Networks among First and Second-Generation Immigrant Entrepreneurs in the Netherlands.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34 (2008): 431-451. Web. 20 Ekim 2019.
Ryabov, Igor. “Post-Migration Experiences of Female Immigrant Spouses from the Former Soviet Union.” Journal of Intercultural Studies 37. 3 (2016): 286–302. Web. 26 Ekim 2019.
Sert, Deniz. “Integration and/or Transnationalism? The Case of Turkish-German Transnational Space.” Perceptions 17. 2 (2012): 85-102. Web. 15 Şubat 2020.
Smith, Michael Peter ve Luis Eduardo Guarnizo, ed. Transnationalism from Below. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2003. [1998].
Strassburger, Gaby. “Transnational Ties of the Second Generation: Marriages of Turks in Germany.” Transnational Social Spaces: Agents, Networks and Institutions. Ed. Thomas Faist and Eyup Ozveren Routledge: Abingdon ve New York, 2016. 211-232.
Suksomboon, Panitee. “Remittances and ‘Social Remittances’: Their Impact on Crosscultural Marriage and Social Transformation.” IIAS Newsletter 45: 6 (2007). Web. 26 Ekim 2019.
Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). Evlenme İstatistikleri. Ankara, 2019. Web. 12 Haziran 2020.
Uekusa, Shinya ve Sunhee Lee. “Strategic Invisibilization, Hypervisibility and Empowerment among Marriage-Migrant Women in Rural Japan.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 46. 13 (2018): 1-18. Web. 22 Mart 2020.
Waldinger, Roger D., Howard Aldrich ve Robin Ward. Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies. Sage, Newbury Park, 1990.
Wang, Yi-Han. “Being a Mother in a Foreign Land: Perspectives of Immigrant Wives on Mothering Experiences in Taiwan.” Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 7. 1 (2010): 3-40. Web. 24 Nisan 2020.
Werbner, Pnina. “Renewing an Industrial Past: British Pakistani Entrepreneurship in Manchester.” Migration: The Asian Experience. Ed. J. M. W. Brown ve diğerleri, 1994. 104-130. Web. 03 November 2019.
Yeoh, S. A., Brenda ve diğerleri. “Between Two Families: The Social Meaning of Remittances for Vietnamese Marriage Migrants in Singapore.” Global Networks 13. 4 (2013): 441-458. Web. 26 Ekim 2019.
Yıldırım-Tschoepe, Aylin. “Locating the German-Turks: Transnational Migration to Turkey and Constructions of Identity and Space.” Contemporary Turkey at a Glance II: Turkey Transformed? Power, History, Culture. Ed. Meltem Ersoy ve Esra Özyurek. Springer, Wiesbaden, 2017. 113-130.
Zhou, Min. “Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergences, Controversies and Conceptual Advancements.” International Migration Review 38 (2004):1040- 1074. Web. 26 Ekim 2019.