İSTEMLİ VE İSTEMSİZ OTOBİYOGRAFİK ANILARA ULAŞMADA DOĞRUDAN VE ÜRETİCİ GERİ ÇAĞIRMANIN ROLÜ

Otobiyograk anılara ulaşmada, doğrudan (direct) ve üretici (generative) geri çağırma olarak bilinen iki farklı mekanizma işlemektedir. Günümüze dek yapılan çalışmalarda, bu iki geri çağırma mekanızmasının neden olduğu farklar yalnızca istemli bir hatırlama süreci sonrasında elde edilen anıların karşılaştırılmasıyla incelenmiştir. Ayrıca, istemli ve istemsiz otobiyograk anıları karşılaştıran çalışmaların neredeyse tamamında geri çağırma mekanizmalarının etkisi dikkate alınmamıştır. Bu çalışma, istemsiz otobiyograk anılara da doğrudan geri çağırma mekanizmasıyla erişildiği kabulünden yola çıkarak istemsiz otobiyograk anıları (İ-OA), doğrudan (D+OA) ve üretici geri çağırma (Ü+OA) ile erişilen istemli otobiyograk anılar ile grup-içi bir desende karşılaştıran ilk çalışmadır. İstemsiz anılar Uyanıklık Görevi, istemli anılar Galton-Crovitz anahtar sözcük yöntemi kullanılarak iki ayrı oturumda toplanmıştır. Bulgular, her iki oturuma da katılan 62 kişiden (44 kadın, 18 erkek) elde edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, D+OA'lar istemli bir şekilde hatırlanıyor olmasına karşın, çoğu özelliği açısından aynı geri çağırma mekanizmasını kullanan İ-OA'lar ile benzerlik göstermektedir. Özetle, Ü+OA'lara kıyasla, hem D+OA'lar hem de İ-OA'lar daha kısa sürede hatırlanmıştır. Ayrıca, bu anılar daha belirgin ve duygusal etkileri daha yüksek olan anılar olmuştur. Aynı sözcükler ile tetiklenen istemli ve istemsiz anılar arasında belirginlik açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmaması ise İ-OA'ların belirginlikteki üstünlüğünün kişisel olarak ayırt edici ipuçlarıyla tetiklenmelerinden kaynaklandığına işaret etmektedir. Ek olarak, yakın geçmişte yaşanmış bir olayın istemli ya da istemsiz hatırlanmasında çoğu fenomenolojik değerlendirme açısından fark bulunmamıştır. Kısaca, bulgular, istemli ve istemsiz anılar arasındaki farkların genel olarak, kasıtlı ya da kendiliğinden oluşan bir hatırlamadan ziyade, geri çağırma mekanizmalarından ileri geldiğine işaret etmektedir.

THE ROLE OF DIRECT AND GENERATIVE RETRIEVAL IN ACCESS TO INVOLUNTARY AND VOLUNTARY AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES

Two distinct retrieval mechanisms were used in access to autobiographical memories, namely direct and generative retrieval. To date, previous studies predominantly compared memories accessed through direct and generative retrieval in only voluntary remembering context. In addition, nearly all studies comparing involuntary (IAMs) and voluntary (VAMs) autobiographical memories did not take this distinction into account. Since involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) were also argued to be accessed through direct retrieval, the present study is the rst to compare IAMs with directly retrieved (DR-VAMs) and generated memories (GEN-VAMs) separately in a within- subjects design. IAMs and VAMs were collected in two consecutive sessions by using Vigilance Task and Galton-Crovitz cue-word technique, respectively. 62 individuals (44 female, 18 male) participated in both sessions. The results revealed that IAMs were similar to DR-VAMs in many aspects, although the latter was deliberately recalled. Specically, both IAMs and DR-VAMs were retrieved faster than GEN-VAMs. They had more emotional impact on rememberer and they included more specic events, compared to GEN-VAMs. However, the difference in specicity was found to be caused by the personal relevance of the cues; when same cues were used to trigger IAMs and VAMs, higher specicity of IAMs disappeared. Additionally, it was observed that phenomenology of deliberate and spontaneous recollections of the same recent events were not different. Overall, the present ndings suggest that most of the differences between IAMs and VAMs result from direct and generative retrieval distinction, rather than deliberate or spontaneous recall of memories.

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