MEHMET AKÇAY, İLKER TURGUT YILMAZ, AHMET FEYZİOĞLU, SALİH ÖZER

Sıkıştırma ile Ateşlemeli Bir Motora Hidrojen İlavesinin Egzoz Emisyonlarına Etkisi

Bu çalışmada, hidrojen miktarının hidrojen-dizel yakıtlı sıkıştırma ile ateşlemeli (CI) motorun üzerindekietkisi araştırılmıştır. Hidrojen, sürekli olarak bir karıştırma odasına gönderilmiştir. Dizel yakıt, CommonRail yakıt enjeksiyon sistemi ile silindirlere gönderilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmada; dört silindirli, dörtzamanlı, su soğutmalı, 1,461-L ve turbo şarjlı CI motoru kullanılmıştır. Egzoz emisyonları, 1750 d/d sabithızda 40 Nm, 60 Nm ve 80 Nm motor yükleri altında incelenmiştir. Hidrojen debileri; 10 l/d, 20 l/d ve30 l/d olarak seçilmiş ve H10, H20 ve H30 olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, NO x ve CO 2emisyonlarında iyileşmeler olurken, HC ve is emisyonları artış meydana gelmiştir. Hidrojen katkısının O 2emisyonu üzerine etkisinin oldukça düşük olduğu görülmüştür.

Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Exhaust Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine

In this paper, a research on effect of hydrogen amount on hydrogen-diesel fuelled compression ignition (CI) engine was conducted. Hydrogen was continuously inducted into a mixing chamber. Diesel fuel was sent into cylinders by Common Rail fuel injection system. A four-cylinder, four-stroke, water cooled, 1.461-L and turbocharged CI engine was used for test. Exhaust emissions were investigated under 40 Nm, 60 Nm and 80Nm engine loads at constant speed of 1750 rpm. Hydrogen flow rates were chosen as 10 lpm, 20 lpm and 30 lpm and called as H10, H20 and H30. According to the results, improvements in NO x and CO 2 emissions were observed, while HC and smoke emissions increased. The effect of hydrogen addition on O 2 emissions was found to be quite low levels.

PDF

___

Fayyazbakhsh, A., Pirouzfar, V., 2017. Comprehensive Overview on Diesel Additives to Reduce Emissions, Enhance Fuel Properties and Improve Engine Performance, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 891-901.
Pullagura, G., Kumar, K.R., Verma, P.C., Jaiswal, A., Prakash, R., Murugan, S., 2012. Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Enrichment on Performance and Emission Behaviour of Compression Ignition Engine, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology (IJEST), 4(03), 1223-1232.
Fırat, M., Okcu, M., Varol, Y., 2017. Investigation of Hydrogen Enrichment on Combustion Characteristics, Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engines, Science and Eng. J of Fırat Univ. 29(1),101-107.
Yu, X., Du, Y., Sun, P., Liu, L., Wu, H., Zuo, X., 2017. Effects of Hydrogen Direct Injection Strategy on Characteristics of Lean-burn Hydrogen-gasoline Engines, Fuel, 208, 602-611.
Arunkumar, M., Kannan, M., Murali, G., 2019. Experimental Studies on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics Using Castor Biodiesel as Fuel in CI Engine, Renewable Energy, 131, 737-744.
Dharmaraja, J., Nguyen, D.D., Shobana, S., Saratale, G.D., Arvindnarayan, S., Atabani, A.E., Chang, S.W., Kumar, G., 2019. Engine Performance, Emission and Bio Characteristics of Rice Bran Oil Derived Biodiesel Blends, Fuel, 239, 153-161.
Emiroğlu, A.O., Şen, M., 2018. Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics of Various Alcohol Blends in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine, Fuel, 212, 34-40.
Li, G., Lee, T.H., Liu, Z., Lee, C.F., Zhang, C., 2019. Effects of Injection Strategies on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Common-rail Diesel Engine Fueled with Isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and Diesel Blends, Renewable Energy, 130, 677-686.
Shim, E., Park, H., Bae, C., 2018. Intake Air Strategy for Low HC and CO Emissions in Dual-fuel (CNG-diesel) Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Engine, Applied Energy, 225, 1068-1077.
Yontar, A.A., Doğu, Y., 2018. Investigation of the Effects of Gasoline and CNG Fuels on a Dual Sequential Ignition Engine at Low and High Load Conditions, Fuel, 232, 114-123.
Long, Y., Li, G., Zhang, Z., Liang, J., Mao, L., Li, Y., 2018. Effects of Reformed Exhaust Gas Recirculation on the HC and CO Emissions of a Spark-ignition Engine Fueled with LNG, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(45), 21070-21078.
Vinoth, T., Vasanthakumar, P., Krishnaraj, J., ArunSankar, S.K., Hariharan, J., Palanisamy, M., 2017. Experimental Investigation on LPG + Diesel Fuelled Engine with DEE Ignition Improver, Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(8), 9126-9132.
Musthafa, M.M., 2019. A Comparative Study on Coated and Uncoated Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions Running on Dual Fuel (LPG-biodiesel) with and Without Additive, Industrial Crops & Products, 128, 194-198.
Kim, J., Chun, K.M., Song, S., Baek, H.K., Lee, S.W., 2018. Hydrogen Effects on the Combustion Stability, Performance and Emissions of a Turbo Gasoline Direct Injection Engine in Various Air/fuel Ratios, Applied Energy, 228, 1353-1361.
Tsujimura, T., Suzuki, Y., 2019. Development of a Large-sized Direct Injection Hydrogen Engine for a Stationary Power Generator, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(22), 11355-11369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.178
Serin, H., Yıldızhan, Ş., 2018. Hydrogen Addition to Tea Seed Oil Biodiesel: Performance and Emission Characteristics, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(38), 18020-18027.
Yilmaz, İ., Taştan, M., 2018. Investigation of Hydrogen Addition to Methanol-gasoline Blends in an SI Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(44), 20252-20261.
Jhang, S.R., Chen, K.S., Lin, S.L., Lin, Y.C., Cheng, W.L., 2016. Reducing Pollutant Emissions from a Heavy-duty Diesel Engine by Using Hydrogen Additions, Fuel, 172, 89-95.
Ji, C., Cong, X., Wang, S., Shi, L., Su, T., Wang, D., 2018. Performance of a Hydrogen-blended Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Under Various Second Gasoline Direct Injection Timings, Energy Conversion and Management, 171, 1704-1711.
Akar, M.A., Kekilli, E., Bas, O., Yildizhan, S., Serin, H., Ozcanli, M., 2018. Hydrogen Enriched Waste Oil Biodiesel Usage in Compression Ignition Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(38), 18046-18052.
Rocha, H.M.Z., Pereira, R.S., Nogueira, M.F.M., Belchior, C.R.P., Tostes, M.E.L., 2017. Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Addition in the Intake Air of Compressed Ignition Engines Running on Biodiesel Blend, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(7), 4530-4539
Elsemary, I.M.M., Attia, A.A.A., Elnagar, K.H., Elaraqy, A.A.M., 2016. Experimental Investigation on Performance of Single Cylinder Spark İgnition Engine Fueled with Hydrogen-gasoline Mixture, Applied Thermal Engineering, 106, 850–854.
Wu, H.W., Wu, Z.Y., 2012. Investigation on Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of Diesel/hydrogen Mixtures by Using Energy- Share Method in a Diesel Engine, Applied Thermal Engineering, 42, 154-162.
Du, Y., Yu, X., Liu, L., Li, R., Zuo, X., Sun, Y., 2017. Effect of Addition of Hydrogen and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Characteristics of Hydrogen Gasoline Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(12), 8288-8298.
Navale, S.J., Kulkarni, R.R., Thipse, S.S., 2017. An Experimental Study on Performance, Emission and Combustion Parameters of Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine with the Timed Manifold Injection System, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(12), 8299-8309.
Uludamar, E., Tosun, E., Tuccar, G., Yıldızhan, Ş.‚ Çalık, A., Yıldırım, S., Serin, H., Özcanlı, M., 2017. Evaluation of Vibration Characteristics of a Hydroxyl (HHO) Gas Generator Installed Diesel Engine Fuelled with Different Diesel-biodiesel Blends, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(36), 23352-23360.
Krishnanunni, J., Bhatia, D., Das, L.M., 2017. Experimental and Modelling Investigations on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Single Cylinder Hydrogen Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(49), 29574-29584.
Deb, M., Sastry, G.R.K., Bose, P.K., Banerjee, R., 2015. An Experimental Study on Combustion, Performance and Emission Analysis of a Single Cylinder, 4-stroke DIDiesel Engine Using Hydrogen in Dual Fuel Mode of Operation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(27), 8586-8598.
Koten, H., 2018. Hydrogen Effects on the Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(22), 10511-10519.
Hosseini, S.M., Ahmadi, R., 2017. Performance and Emissions Characteristics in the Combustion of Co-fuel Diesel-hydrogen in a Heavy Duty Engine, Applied Energy, 205, 911-925.
Yan, F., Xu, L., Wang, Y., 2018. Application of Hydrogen Enriched Natural Gas in Spark Ignition IC Engines: from Fundamental Fuel Properties to Engine Performances and Emissions, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82(1), 1457-1488.
Sharma, P., Dhar, A., 2018. Effect of Hydrogen Supplementation on Engine Performance and Emissions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(15), 7570-7580.
Yılmaz, İ.T., Gümüş, M., 2015. Çift Yakıtlı (hidrojen-dizel) Bir Motorda Yanma Karakteristiklerinin ve Egzoz Emisyonlarının İncelenmesi, 8. Transist Uluslararası Ulaşım Teknolojileri Sempozyumu ve Fuarı, 17-19 Aralık, İstanbul, Türkiye, 538-547.
Yilmaz, I.T., Demir, A., Gumus, M., 2017. Effects of Hydrogen Enrichment on Combustion Characteristics of a CI Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(15), 10536-10546.
Pan, H., Pournazeri, S., Princevac, M., Miller, J.W., Mahalingam, S., Khan, M.Y., Jayaram, V., Welch, W.A., 2014. Effect of Hydrogen Addition on Criteria and Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Marine Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(21), 11336-11345.
Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., 2008. An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen- enriched Air Induction in a Diesel Engine System, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 33(6), 1769-1775.
Dimitriou, P., Kumar, M., Tsujimura, T., Suzuki, Y., 2018. Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Hydrogen-diesel Dual-fuel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(29), 13605-13617.
Karagöz, Y., Güler, İ., Sandalcı, T., Yüksel, L., Dalkılıç, A.s., Wongwises, S., 2016. Effects of Hydrogen and Methane Addition on Combustion Characteristics, Emissions, and Performance of a CI Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(2), 1313-1325.
Ghazal, O.H., 2013. Performance and Combustion Characteristic of CI Engine Fueled with Hydrogen Enriched Diesel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(35), 15469-15476.
Karagöz, Y., Güler, İ., Sandalcı, T., Yüksek, L., 2016. Effect of Hydrogen Enrichment on Combustion Characteristics, Emissions and Performance of a Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41(1), 656-665.
Aldhaidhawi, M., Chiriac, R., Badescu, V., Descombes, G., Podevin, P., 2017. Investigation on the Mixture Formation, Combustion Characteristics and Performance of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Diesel, Biodiesel B20 and Hydrogen Addition, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(26), 16793-16807.
Graham, S., 2017. The Viability of Biodiesel and Hydrogen as Complementary Fuel Vectors in a Hybrid Platform, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(30), 19331-19336.
Uludamar, E., 2018. Effect of Hydroxy and Hydrogen Gas Addition on Diesel Engine Fuelled with Microalgae Biodiesel, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(38), 18028-18036.
Mansor, M.R.A., Abbood, M.M., Mohamad, T.I., 2017. The Influence of Varying Hydrogen- methane-diesel Mixture Ratio on the Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of a Direct Injection Diesel, Engine, Fuel, 190, 281-291.
Talibi, M., Balachandran, R., Ladommatos, N., 2017. Influence of Combusting Methane- hydrogen Mixtures on Compression-ignition Engine Exhaust Emissions and in-cylinder Gas Composition, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(4), 2381-2396.
Barik, D., Murugan, S., 2016. Experimental Investigation on the Behavior of a DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Raw Biogasediesel Dual Fuel at Different Injection Timing, Journal of the Energy Institute, 89, 373-388.
Verma, S., Das, L.M., Kaushik, S.C., Tyagi, S.K., 2018. An Experimental Investigation of Exergetic Performance and Emission Characteristics of Hydrogen Supplemented Biogas-diesel Dual Fuel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43(4), 2452-2468.
Kakoee, A., Bakhshan, Y., Aval, S.M., Gharehghani, A., 2018. An Improvement of a Lean Burning Condition of Natural Gas/diesel RCCI Engine with a Pre-chamber by Using Hydrogen, Energy Conversion and Management 166, 489-499.
Singh, A.P., Pal, A., Agarwal, A.K., 2016. Comparative Particulate Characteristics of Hydrogen, CNG, HCNG, Gasoline and Diesel Fueled Engines, Fuel, 185, 491-499.
Baratta, M., Ambrosio, S., Iemmolo, D., Misul, D., 2017. Method for the Recognition of the Fuel Composition in CNG Engines Fed with Natural Gas/biofuel/hydrogen Blends, Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 40, 312-326.
Jemni, M.A., Kassem, S.H., Driss, Z., Abid, M.S., 2018. Effects of Hydrogen Enrichment and Injection Location on In-cylinder Flow Characteristics, Performance and Emissions of Gaseous LPG Engine, Energy, 150, 92-108.
Lata, D.B., Misra, A., Medhekar, S., 2012. Effect of Hydrogen and LPG Addition on the Efficiency and Emissions of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37(7), 6084-6096
Lata, D.B., Misra, A., Medhekar, S., 2011. Investigations on the Combustion Parameters of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine with Hydrogen and LPG as Secondary Fuels, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(21), 13808-13819.
Yilmaz, I.T., Gumus, M., 2018, Effects of Hydrogen Addition to the Intake Air on Performance and Emissions of Common Rail Diesel Engine, Energy, 142, 1104-1113.
Sandalcı, T., Karagöz, Y., 2014, Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Characteristics, Emissions and Performance of Hydrogen Port Fuel Injection in a Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39(32), 18480-18489.
Zhou, J.H., Cheung, C.S., Leung, C.W., 2014. Combustion, Performance, Regulated and Unregulated Emissions of a Diesel Engine with Hydrogen Addition, Applied Energy, 126, 1-12.
Yılmaz, İ.T., 2015. Düşük Isı Kayıplı Bir Dizel Motorda Çift Yakıt (biyogaz-dizel) Kullanımının Performans ve Emisyonlara Etkisi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 161, İstanbul.
Asokan, M.A., Prabu, S.S., Kamesh, S., Khan, W., 2018. Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Papaya and Watermelon Seed Oil Bio-diesel/Diesel blends, Energy, 145, 238-245.
Heywood, J.B.. 1988. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York, NY, USA: McGraw Hill, Inc; 596-597.
Karagöz, Y., Sandalcı, T., Yüksek, R., Dalkılıç, A.S., 2015. Engine Performance and Emission Effects of Diesel Burns Enriched by Hydrogen on Different Engine Loads, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40(20), 6702-6713.
Saravanan, N., Nagarajan, G., Narayanasamy, S., 2008. An Experimental Investigation on DI Diesel Engine with Hydrogen Fuel, Renewable Energy, 33, 415-421.
Morais, A.M., Justino, M.A.M., Valente, O.S., Hanriot, S.M., Sodre, J.R., 2013. Hydrogen Impacts on Performance and CO 2 Emissions from a Diesel Power Generator, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(16), 6857-6864.
Liew, C., Li, H., Liu, S., Besch, M.C., Ralston, B., Clark, N., Huang, Y., 2012. Exhaust Emissions of a H2 Enriched Heavy-duty Diesel Engine Equipped with Cooled EGR and Variable Geometry Turbocharger, Fuel, 91, 155-163.
Miyamoto, T., Hasegawa, H., Mikami, M., Kojima, N., Kabashima, H., Urata, Y., 2011. Effect of Hydrogen Addition to Intake Gas on Combustion and Exhaust Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 36(20), 13138-13149.
Tsujimura, T., Suzuki, Y., 2017. The Utilization of Hydrogen in Hydrogen/diesel Dual Fuel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(19), 14019-14029.
Alrazen, H.A., Talib, A.R.A., Adnan, R., Ahmad, K.A., 2016. A Review of the Effect of Hydrogen Addition on the Performance and Emissions of the Compression-ignition Engine, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 785-796.
Barrios, C.C., Saez, A.D., Hormigo, D., 2017. Influence of Hydrogen Addition on Combustion Characteristics and Particle Number and Size Distribution Emissions of a TDI Diesel Engine, Fuel, 199, 162-168.
Kacem, S.H., Jemni, M.A., Driss, Z., Abid, M.S., 2016. The Effect of H2 Enrichment on In- cylinder Flow Behavior, Engine Performances and Exhaust Emissions: Case of LPG-hydrogen Engine, Applied Energy, 179, 961-971.
Chintala, V., Subramanian, K.A., 2017. A Comprehensive Review on Utilization of Hydrogen in a Compression Ignition Engine Under Dual Fuel Mode, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 472-491.
Christodoulou, F., Megaritis, A., 2013. Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Separate Hydrogen and Nitrogen Addition on the Emissions and Combustion of a Diesel Engine, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38, 10126-10140.
Yesilyurt, M.K., Eryilmaz, T., Arslan, M., 2018. A Comparative Analysis of the Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions and Combustion Behaviors of a Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel/diesel/1- butanol (C4 alcohol) and Biodiesel/diesel/n- pentanol (C5 alcohol) Fuel Blends, Energy, 165, 1332-1351.
Köse, H., 2012. Hidrojenin Çift Yakıt Modunda İlavesinin Motor Performans ve Emisyon Üzerine Etkisinin Deneysel Araştırılması, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Makine Eğitimi Anabilim Dalını, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 90, Konya.
Kumar, S.S., Purushothaman, K., Rajan, K., 2017. Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine with the Effect of Alumina Coated Piston, Thermal Science, 21(1B), 489-498.
Yılmaz, İT., Gümüş, M., 2017. A Research on Biogas-diesel Dual Fuel Diesel Engine, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University, 32(3), 919-927.
Mahla, S.K., Dhir, A., Gill, K.J.S., Cho, H.M., Lim, H.C., 2018. Influence of EGR on the Simultaneous Reduction of NOx-smoke Emissions Trade-off Under CNG-biodiesel Dual Fuel Engine, Energy, 152, 303-312.
Zhou, J.H., Cheung, C.S., Zhao, W.Z., Ning, Z., Leung, C.W., 2015, Impact of Intake Hydrogen Enrichment on Morphology, Structure and Oxidation Reactivity of Diesel Particulate, Applied Energy, 160, 442-455.
Pundir, B.P., Kumar, R., 2007. Combustion and Smoke Emission Studies on a Hydrogen Fuel Supplemented DI Diesel Engine. SAE Paper No. 2007-01-0055.