THE RELATIONSHIP OF ORGANIZATIONAL CORRUPTION WITH ORGANIZATIONAL DISSENT AND WHISTLEBLOWING IN TURKISH SCHOOLS

Öz The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between organizational corruption, organizational dissent and whistle-blowing in schools. 193 teachers, who worked at primary and secondary schools in Turkey, participated in the study. Measures of organizational corruption, organizational dissent, and whistle-blowing were used. Data were analyzed with correlation and regression analysis. Findings revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between organizational corruption, organizational dissent and whistle-blowing and that organizational corruption predicted organizational dissent and whistle-blowing. The results suggest that organizational dissent and whistle-blowing are two main techniques that teachers use to resist organizational corruption in schools.

___

Aguilera, R. V.  Vadera, A. K. (2008). The dark side of authority: antecedents, mechanism, and outcomes of organizational corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 77(4), 431-449.

Aktan, C. C. (2006). Organizasyonlarda yanlış uygulamalara karşı bir sivil erdem, ahlaki tepki ve vicdani red davranışı: whistleblowing. Mercek Dergisi, 1-13.

Alt, J. E.  Lassen, D. D. (2003). The political economy of institutions and corruption in American states. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 15, 341–365.

Anderson, C. J.  Tverdova, Y. V. (2003). Corruption, political allegiances, and attitudes toward government in contemporary democracies. American Journal of Political Science, 47, 91–109.

Argandona, A. (2003). Private-to-private corruption. Journal of Business Ethics, 47, 253–267.

Avtgis, T. A., Thomas-Maddox, C., Taylor, E.  Patterson, B. R. (2007). The influence of employee burnout syndrome on the expression of organizational dissent. Communication Research Reports, 24, 97–102.

Balcı, A., Özdemir, M.,  Özen, F. (2009). Organizational corruption: its relation with organizational culture, job attitudes and work ethics. 11nd International Congress of European Turks. 14-16 may, Antwerp-Belgium.

Berkman, Ü. (1983). Azgelişmiş ülkelerde kamu yönetiminde yolsuzluk ve rüşvet. Ankara: TODAİE Yayınları.

Berkman, Ü. (1992). Bureaucracy and bribery: a conceptual framework. International Journal of Public Administration, 15(6), 1345-1368.

Brooks, L. (1993). Whistleblowers: learn to love them. Canadian Business Review, 20(2), 19–21.

Caiden, G. E.  Caiden, N. J. (1977). Administrative corruption. Public Administration Review, 37(3), 301-309.

Cannings, K. (1992). The voice of the loyal manager: distinguishing attachment from commitment. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 5, 261-272.

Çadırcı, M. (1997). Tanzimat döneminde Anadolu kentlerinin sosyal ve ekonomik yapısı. Ankara: TTK Yayınları.

Darley, J. M. (2005). The cognitive and social psychology of contagious organizational corruption. Brooklyn Law Review, 70(4), 1177-1179.

Davis, J. (2004). Corruption in public service delivery: experience from South Asia’s water and sanitation Sector. World Development, 32(1), 53-71.

De Maria, W. (2008). Whistleblowers and organizational protesters. Current Sociology, 56(6), 865-883.

Doig, A.  Theobald, R. (2000). Introduction: why corruption? in Alan Doig and Robin. Theobald, eds. Corruption and democratisation. London: Frank Cass. pp. 1-12.

Dozier, J. B.  Miceli, M. P. (1985). Potential predictors of whistle-blowing: a prosocial behavior perspective. Academy of Management Review, 10, 823-836.

Dworking, T.  Baucus, M. (1998). Internal vs external whistleblowers: a comparison of whistleblowing processes. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(12), 1281-1298.

Eaton, T. V.  Akers, M. D. (2007). Whistleblowing and good governance. The CPA Journal, 77(6), 66-71.

Fackler, T.  Lin, T. (1995). Political corruption and presidential elections, 1929–1992. Journal of Politics, 57, 971–993.

Farrell, D.  Rusbult, C. E. (1992). Exploring the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect typology: the influence of job satisfaction, quality of alternatives, and investment size. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 5, 201-218.

Gerring, J.  Thacker, S. C. (2004). Political institutions and corruption: the role of unitarism and parliamentarism. British Journal of Political Science, 34, 295-330.

Goodboy, A. K., Chory, R. M.  Dunleavy, K. N. (2008). Organizational dissent as a function of organizational justice. Communication Research Reports, 25(4), 255-265.

Graham, J. W. (1986). Principled organizational dissent: a theoretical essay. Research in Organizational Behavior, 8, 1-52.

Hallak, J.  Poisson, M. (2007). Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: what can be done. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning.

Hegstrom, T. G. (1990). Mimetic and dissent conditions in organizational rhetoric. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 18, 141-152.

Hegstrom, T. G. (1995). Focus on organizational dissent: A functionalist response to criticism. In J. Lehtonen eds. Critical perspectives on communication research and pedagogy (pp. 83-94). St. Ingbert, Germany: Rohrig University Press.

Heyneman, S. P. (2004). Education and corruption. International Journal of Educational Development, 24, 637- 648.

Hunbury, G. L. (2004). A “pracademic’s” perspective of ethics and honor: imperatives for public services in the 21st century! Public Organization Review, 4, 187-204.

Johnston, M. (1986). Right and wrong in American politics: popular conceptions of corruption, Polity, 18, 367-391.

Johnson, R. A.  Sharma, S. (2004). The Struggle against corruption: a comparative study. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Kassing, J. W. (1997). Articulating, antagonizing, and displacing: a model of employee dissent. Communication Studies, 48, 311-332.

Kassing, J. W. (1998). Development and validation of the organizational dissent scale. Management Communication Quarterly, 12(2), 183-229.

Kassing, J. W. (2000). Investigating the relationship between superior-subordinate relationship quality and employee dissent. Communication Research Reports, 17, 58-70.

Kassing, J. W. (2002). Speaking up: identifying employees’ upward dissent strategies. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 187-209.

Kassing, J. W.  Avtgis, T. A. (1999). Examining the relationship between organizational dissent and aggressive communication. Management Communication Quarterly, 13, 76-91.

Kassing, J. W.  Armstrong, T. A. (2001). Examining the association of job tenure, employment history, and organizational status with employee dissent. Communication Research Reports, 18, 264-273.

Kassing, J. W.  Avtgis, T. A. (2001). Dissension in the organization as a function of control expectancies. Communication Research Reports, 18, 118-127.

Kassing, J. W.  Armstrong, T. A. (2002). Someone’s going to hear about this: examining the association between dissent-triggering events and employee’s dissent expressions. Management Communication Quarterly, 16, 39-65.

Kassing, J. W.  DiCioccio, R. L. (2004). Testing a workplace experience explanation of displaced dissent. Communication Reports, 17, 111-120.

Kassing, J. W. (2006). Employees’ expressions of upward dissent as a function of current and past work experiences. Communication Reports, 19(2), 79-88.

Kassing, J. W.  McDowell, Z. (2008). Talk about fairness: exploring the relationship between procedural justice and employee dissent. Communication Research Reports, 25, 1–10.

Kayes, D. C., (2006). Organizational corruption as theodicy. Journal of Business Ethics, 67, 51-62.

Keenan, J. P. (2000). Blowing the whistle on less serious forms of fraud: a study of executives and managers. Employee Responsibilities and Right Journal, 12(4), 199-217.

Klitgaard, R. ( 1998). International cooperation against corruption. Finance and Development, 35(1), 3-6.

Luo, Y. (2004). An organizational perspective of corruption. Management and Organization Review, 1(1), 119-154.

Mansbach, A.  Bachner, Y. G. (2010). Internal or external whistleblowing: nurses’ willingness to report wrongdoing. Nursing Ethics, 17(4), 483-490.

Mbatha, J. S. (2005). The ethical dilemmas of whistle-blowing and corruption in the South African public sector. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. University of Zululand.

McCluskey, N. (2005). Corruption in the public schools: the market is the answer. Policy Analysis, 542, 1-20.

Miceli, M.  Near, J. (1994). Whistleblowing: reaping the benefits. Academy of Management Executive, 8, 65–73.

Miethe, T. D.  Rothschild, J. (1994). Whistleblowing and the control of organizational misconduct. Sociological Inquiry, 64, 322–347.

Mumcu, A. (1969). Osmanlı devleti’nde rüşvet. Ankara: A.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Yayını.

Near, J. P.  Jensen, T. C. (1983). The whistleblowing process: retaliation and perceived effectiveness. Work and Occupations, 10, 3-28.

Near, J. P.  Micelli, M. P. (1985). Organizational dissidence: the case of whistle-blowing. Journal of Business Ethics, 4(1), 1-16.

O’Reilly, C.  Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: the effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499.

Özdemir, M. (2010). The opinions of administrators and teachers working in public high schools in Ankara Province on organizational dissent. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Ankara University.

Palmier, L. (1983). Bureaucratic corruption and its remedies, in M. Clarke, eds. Corruption. London: Frances Printer Ltd. London, pp. 207-219.

Pascoe, J.  Welsh, M. (2011). Whistleblowing, ethics and corporate culture: theory and practice in Australia. Common Law World Review, 40, 144-173.

Payne, H. J. (2007). The role of organization-based self-esteem in employee dissent expression. Communication Research Reports, 24, 235-240.

Peters, J. G.  Welch, S. (1980). The effects of charges of corruption on voting behavior in congressional elections. American Political Science Review, 71(3), 697-708.

Redlawsk, D. P.  McCann, J. A. (2005). Popular interpretations of ‘corruption’ and their partisan consequences. Political Behavior, 27(3), 261-283.

Redding, W. C. (1985). Rocking boats, blowing whistles, and teaching speech communication. Communication Education, 34, 245-258.

Rodal, C. A. S.  Mendoza, E. C. (2004). Transparency in Education: report card in Bangladesh. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning.

Sayed, T.  Bruce, D. (1998). Police corruption: towards a working definition. African Security Review, 7(1), 3-14.

Seligson, M. (2002). The impact of corruption on regime legitimacy: a comparative study of four Latin American countries. Journal of Politics, 62, 408–433.

Schein, E. (1985). Defining organizational culture. In M. Shafritz and J. Ott, eds. Classics of Organization theory (1992). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Sprague, J. A.  Ruud, G. L. (1988). Boat-rocking in the high technology culture. American Behavioral Scientist, 32, 169-193.

Stapenhurst, F.  Langseth, P. (1997) The role of the public administration in fighting corruption. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10(5), 311 – 330.

Tanaka, S. (2001). Corruption in education sector development: a suggestion for anticipatory strategy. The International Journal of Educational Management, 15(4), 158-166.

Truelson, J. A. (1989). Implications of whistleblowing for public administration education. Policy Studies Review, 8(4), 871-876.

Uys, T. (2008). Rational loyalty and whistleblowing: the South African context. Current Sociology, 56(6), 904-921.

Vinten, G. (1999). A whistleblowing code for educational institutions. The International Journal of Educational Management, 13(3), 150-157.

Waite, D.  Allen, D. (2003). Corruption and abuse of power in educational administration. The Urban Review, 35(4), 281- 296.

Warren, M. E. (2004). What does corruption mean in a democracy? American Journal of Political Science, 48, 328–343.

Welch, S. & Hibbing, J. R. (1997). The effects of charges of corruption on voting behavior in congressional elections, 1982–1990. Journal of Politics, 59, 226–239.

Werner, S. B. (1983). New directions in the study of administrative corruption. Public Administration Review, 43(2), 146-154.

Wilson, J. Q. (1966). Corruption: the shame of the states. The Public Interest, 2, 28–38.

Zoraloğlu, Y. R., Şahin, İ.  Fırat, N. Ş. (2004). İlköğretim okullarının finansal kaynak bulmada karşılaştıkları güçlükler ve bu güçlüklerin okula etkileri. Eğitim Bilim Toplum, 2(8), 4-17.