Anahtar Kelimeler:

terazi ağırlıkları, değer, tüccar, Ege, Akrotiri

Metric Systems and Trade Activities in Eastern Mediterranean Pre-coinage Societies

In regard to Trade Activities, it is currently accepted by archaeologists that obsidian and the spondylus shell were among the earliest goods transported from specific sources to wider areas and are, for this reason regarded as possible indicators of large-scale “trade”, from the Neolithic period onwards. As has been mentioned in a recent article referring to obsidian found in Crete in particular at the Bronze Age sites of Malia and Knossos , there, most of the obsidian was of Aegean provenance deriving from the Cycladic island of Melos , although some blades and nodules from inland Anatolia - East Göllü Dağ in Cappadocia - were also found Carter – Kilikoglou 2007; Panagiotaki 1999: 25- 27 . On the other hand, Melian obsidian, rather than obsidian of Cappadocian provenance, was used along the west coast of Anatolia in the Neolithic Age Doğan – Michailidou 2008, 28-29 . In general, archaeologists feel rather uneasy when confronted with trading activities and begin to wonder how acceptable the use of the term trade is when dealing with the pre-coinage societies of the Second Millennium Bronze Age.

Keywords:

balance-weights, value, merchant, Aegean, Akrotiri,

PDF

___

Alberti, M.E. – N. Parise 2005 “Towards an Unufication of Mass-Units between the Aegean and the Levant”, R. Laffineur - E. Greco (eds.), EMPORIA, Aegaeum 25, Liège: 381-392.
Averbeck, R.E. – M.W. Chavalas – D.B. Weisberg 2003 Life and Culture in the Ancient Near East, Bethesda.
Bachhuber, Ch. 2006 “Aegean Interest on the Uluburun Ship”, AJA 110: 345-363.
Benveniste, E. 1969 Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. 1. économie, parenté, société, Paris.
Boulotis, Ch. 1998 “Les documents en Linéaire A d’ Akrotiri, Thera : remarques préliminaires” , BCH 122 : 407-411.
2008 “The Linear A Tablets from Akrotiri (THE 7-12). Aspects of the Economic Life in the Settlement” (in Greek), D. Doumas (ed), Ακρωτήρι Θήρας. Τριάντα χρόνια έρευνας, 1967-1997, Αθήνα: 67-94.
Carter, T. – V. Kilikoglou 2007 “From Reactor to Royalty; Aegean and Anatolian Obsidians from Quartier Mu, Malia (Crete)”, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20. 1: 115-143.
Caskey, M. E., 1969 “Lead Weights from Ayia Irini in Keos”, ArchDeltion 24 A: 95-106
Clancier Ph. – F. Joannès – P. Rouillard – A. Tenu (eds.) 2005 Autour de Polanyi. Vocabulaires, théories et modalités des échanges, Paris.
CoMIK ChadwickJ. – L. Godart – J.T. Killen – J. – P. Olivier – A. Sacconi – I.A. Sakellarakis, Corpus of Mycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos, Vol. I-IV, INCUNABULA GRAECA LXXXVIII, Roma 1986-1998.
Courtois, J. C. 1990 “Pois, prix, taxes et salaires à Ougartit (Syrie) au II e millénaire” , R. Gyselen (ed.), Res Orientales II, Paris : 119-127.
Dalley, S. 1984 Mari and Karana. Two Old Babylonian Cities, New York.
Dercksen, J.G. 1996 The Old Assyrian Copper Trade in Anatolia, Leiden.
Doğan, I.B. 2008 Tarihöncesinde Ticaret ve Değiş Tokuş, Istanbul.
Doğan, I.B. – A. Michailidou 2008 “Trading in prehistory and protohistory: Perspectives from the eastern Aegean and beyond”, Ch. Papageorgiadou-Banis – A. Giannikouri (eds.), Sailing in the Aegean. Readings on the Economy and trade routes, MEΛETHMATA 53, Athens: 17-53.
Duhoux, Y. 1976 Aspects du vocabulaire économique mycénien (cadastre,-artisanatfiscalité), Amsterdam.
Efe, T. 2007 “The theories of the ‘Great Caravan Route’ between Cilicia and Troy: the Early Bronze Age III period in inland western Anatolia”, Anatolian Studies 57 : 47-64.
Evans, A. J. 1906 “Minoan Weights and Mediums of Currency from Crete, Mycenae and Cyprus”, Corolla Numismatica , Oxford: 336-367.
Floreano, E. 2002 “The Role of Silver in the Domestic Economic System of the Hittite Empire”, Altorientalische Forschungen 28/2 : 209-235.
Gale, N. H. 1991 “Copper Ox-hide Ingots: Their Origin and their Place in the Bronze Age Metals Trade in the Mediterranean”, N.H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, Papers Presented at the Conference Held at Rewley House, Oxford, December 1989, SIMA 90, Jonsered: 197-239.
Hallo, W.W. 1992 “Trade and Traders in the Ancient Near East: Some New Perspectives”, D. Charpin – F. Joannès (eds.), La circulation des biens, des personnes et des idées dans la Proche-Orient ancienne, CRRAI 38, Paris: 351-356.
Joannès, F. 1989 “La culture matérielle à Mari (IV): Les méthods de pesée. A propos d’un ouvrage recent”, RA 83 : 113- 151.
Lauer, J.P. 1976 Saqqara. The Royal Cemetery of Memphis, London.
Lolos, Y. G. 1999 “The Cargo of Pottery from the Point Iria Wreck: Character and Implications”, W. Phelps et al. (eds.), The Point Iria Wreck. Athens: 43-58.
Kamm, W. 2003 “The Nippur-Measuring-Rod and its Reference to Linear-Measure Used during the Aegean Bronze Age”, K.P. Foster – R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON, Aegaeum 24, Liège: 451-452.
Kemp, B. J. 1991 Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilization, London.
LoSchiavo, F. 2008 “Oxhide Ingots in the Central Mediterranean: Recent Perspectives”, I. Tzachili (ed.), Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age, Athens: 227-245.
Mellink, M. J. 1967 “Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia, 1966”, AJA 71 (3): 251-267.
Michailidou, A. 1990 “The Lead Weights from Akrotiri. The Archaeological Record”, D. Hardy et al. (eds.), Thera and the Aegean World III, vol. 1, London: 407-419.
2001a “Script and Metrology: Practical Processes and Cognitive Inventions”, in A. Michailidou (ed.), Manufacture and Measurement. Counting, Measuring and Recording Craft Items in Early Aegean Societies, ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 33, Athens: 53-82.
2001b “Recording Quantities of Metal in Bronze Age Societies in the Aegean and the Near East”, in A. Michailidou (ed.), Manufacture and Measurment. Counting, Measuring and Recording Craft Items in Early Aegean Societies, ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 33, Athens: 85-119.
2003 “Measuring Weight and Value in Bronze Age Economies in the Aegean and the Near East: A Discussion on Metal Axes of No Practical Use”, K.P. Foster – R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON, Aegaeum 24, Liège: 301- 314.
2004 “On the Minoan Economy: A Tribute to ‘Minoan Weights and Mediums of Currency’ by Arthur Evans”, G. Cadogan– E. Hatzaki – A. Vasilakis (eds.), Knossos. Palace, City, State, BSA Suppl. 12: 311- 321.
2005 Weight and Value in Pre-Coinage Societies. An Introduction, ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 42, Athens.
2006 “Stone Balance Weights? The Evidence from Akrotiri on Thera”, M.E.Alberti – E. Ascalone – L. Peyronel (eds.), Weights in Context, Bronze Age Weighing Systems of Eastern Mediterranean, STUDI E MATERIALI 13, Roma: 233-263.
2008a Weight and Value in Pre-Coinage Societies. Vol. II. Sidelights on Measurement from the Aegean and the Orient, , ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 61, Athens.
2008b “Late Bronze Age Economy: Copper/Bronze in Linear B Script and Material Evidence”, A. Sacconi – M. Del Freo – L. Godart – M. Negri, Colloquium Romanum, Atti del XII Colloquio internationale di Micenologia, Pasiphae I: 521-541.
2010 “Measuring by Weight in the Late Bronze Age Aegean. The People behind the Measuring Tools”, C. Renfrew – I. Morley (eds.), Measuring the World and Beyond, The Archaeology of Early Quantification and Cosmology, Cambridge: 71-87.
Michel, C. 1990 “La culture matériel à Mari III. Ebbum et Ebbûtu”’, MARI 6 : 181-214
2005 “Le commerce privé des Assyriens en Anatolie: un modèle du commerce archaïque selon K. Polanyi”, Ph. Clancier et al. (eds.), Autour de Polanyi : 121-133.
Moulhérat, C. – Y. Spantidaki 2008 “Première attestation de laine sur le site protohistorique d’Akrotiri à Théra”, C. Alphano – L.Karali (eds.), Vestidos, Textiles y Tintes.
Perpureae Vestes II, Valencia: 37-42.
Muhly, J.D. 2005 „Kupfer und Bronze in der spätbronzezeitlichen Ägäis“, Ü. Yalçin – C. Pulak – R. Slotta (eds.), Das Schiff von Uluburun. Welthandel vor 3000 Jahren, Bochum: 503-513.
Palmer, R. 1989 “Subsistence Rations at Pylos and Knossos”, Minos 24: 89-124.
Panagiotaki, M. 1999 The Central Palace Sanctuary at Knossos, London, BSA Suppl.31.
Parise, N. F. 1971 “Un’unità ponderalle egea a capo Gelidonya”, SMEA 14: 163-170
1981 “Mina di Ugarit, mina di Karkemish, mina di Khatti”, DdA 3: 155-160.
Petruso, K. M. 1978 Systems of Weight in the Bronze Age Aegean, Ph.D. Diss. Indiana.
1986 “Wool Evaluation at Knossos and Nuzi”, Kadmos 25: 26-37.
1992 Keos VIII. Ayia Irini: The Balance Weights, Mainz am Rhein.
2003 “Quantal Analysis of Some Mycenaean Balance Weights”, K.P. Foster – R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON, Aegaeum 24, Liège: 285-292.
Powell, M.A. 1971 Sumerian Numeration and Metrology, Ph.D. Diss., University of Minessota, Ann. Arbor.
Pulak, C. 1997 “The Uluburun Shipwreck”, S. Swiny – R. L. Hohlfelder – H. W. Swiny (eds.), Res Maritimae. Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity, Proceedings of the Second International Symposium «Cities on the Sea», Nicosia, Cyprus, October 18-22, 1994, ASOR Archaeological Reports 4, Atlanta : 233-262.
2000a “The Balance Weights from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun”, Ch. Pare (ed.), The Metals Make the World Go Round, Oxford: 247-266.
2000b “The Copper and Tin Ingots from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun, Ü. Yalcin (ed.), Anatolian Metal I (Der Anschnitt, Beihefte 13), Bohum: 137-157.
2005 “Who Were the Mycenaeans aboard the Uluburun ship?”, R. Laffineur – E. Greco (eds.), EMPORIA, Aegaeum 25, Liège: 295-310.
Rahmstorf, L. 2003 “The Identification of Early Helladic Weights and their Wider Implications”, K.P. Foster – R. Laffineur (eds.), METRON, Aegaeum 24, Liège: 293-297
2006 “In Search of the Earliest Balance Weights, Scales and Weighing Systems from the East Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East”, M.E.Alberti – E. Ascalone – L. Peyronel (eds.), Weights in Context, Bronze Age Weighing Systems of Eastern Mediterranean, STUDI E MATERIALI 13, Roma: 9-45.
Renfrew, C. 1969 “Trade and Culture Process in European Prehistory”, Current Anthropology 15: 151-169.
Renger, J. 1984 “Patterns of Non-Institutional Trade and Non-Commercial Exchange in Ancient Mesopotamia at the Beginning of the Second Millennium B.C.”, A. Archi (ed.), Circulation of Goods in Non-Palatial Context in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of the International Conference organized by the Istituto per gli studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, Incunabula Graeca 82, Roma: 31-123.
Thuraeu-Dangin, F. 1921 “Numération et métrologie Sumériennes”, RA 18 : 123-135.
Tzachili, I. 2001 “Counting and recording textiles in the Mycenaean archives of Knossos”, A. Michailidou (ed.), Manufacture and Measurment.
Counting, Measuring and Recording Craft Items in Early Aegean Societies, ΜΕΛΕΤΗΜΑΤΑ 33, Athens: 177-193.
Unger, E. 1916 Zwei babylonische Antiken aus Nippur, Konstantinopel.
Veenhof, K.R. 1972 Aspects of Old Assyrian Trade, Leiden.
Zaccagnini, C. 1977 “The Merchant at Nuzi” Iraq 39/2: 171-190.
1986 “Aspects of Copper Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Late Bronze Age”, M. Marazzi – S. Tusa – L. Vagnetti, Traffici micenei nel Mediterraneo. Taranto: 413-424.
1991 “Ancora sulle coppe d’ oro e d’ argento nel Vicino Oriente del Tardo Bronzo” Scienza dell’ Antiquitá 5: 369-379.
1990 “The Nuzi Wool Measures Once Again”, Orientalia 59 Nova Series: 312-319.
Zeyrek, T.H. – Z. Kızıltan 2005 “Some Selected Mesopotamian Weights from Istanbul Archaeological Museums”, Anadolu Araştırmaları XVIII/1: 15-63.