Televizyon Haber Bültenlerindeki İşaret Dili Çeviri Hizmetine Yönelik Sağır Topluluğun Tutum Ve Beklentileri

Sağırların, işitme ve görme engellilerin yayın hizmetlerine erişiminin iyileştirilmesine ilişkin usul ve esaslar hakkındaki RTÜK yönetmeliği, 2019 yılı Ekim ayında Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanmıştır. Söz konusu yönetmeliğe göre, yayıncı kuruluşlar ana haber bültenlerinden birini günlük olarak işaret diliyle yayımlamaları gerekmektedir. Türkiye'de 5'den fazla televizyon kanalı, işaret dili çevirmenliği ile haber yayınlamakta ve bunu Sağır bireyler için erişilebilir, kamu erişilebilirlik biçimlerinden biri haline getirmektedir. Görsel – İşitsel Türk İşaret Dili Çevirmenliğinin ülkemizde arzu edilen oranda yaygın olmadığı bilinmektedir. Bu boşluğu doldurmak için sağır bireylerin televizyon içeriklerine erişmeleri konusunda seçenek sunulması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ülkemizdeki televizyon haber bültenlerindeki Türk İşaret Dili çeviri hizmetlerinin hem teknik hem de çeviri kalitesi açısından değerlendirilmesi ve toplumdaki sağır bireylerin beklentilerinin belirlenmesidir. Televizyon haber bültenlerinin Türk İşaret Dili çevirilerinde, Sağır topluluğun çevriyi kavramasını olumsuz etkileyen faktörleri belirleyen bu çalışmada, veri toplamak amacıyla yapılan araştırma sürecinde çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 1068 sağır bireye toplam 79 sorudan oluşan anket uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada çevrimiçi anket yöntemi kullanılmış olup alınan yanıtlar değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Sağır izleyicinin işaret dili tercümanlarının çevirilerini anlamakta zorlandığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu analiz, çevirmenlerin Türk İşaret Dili akıcılığındaki eksikliklerinin Sağır bireylerin daha az anlamalarına sebep olduğuna katkıda bulunmuştur. Hedeflenen amaca ulaşılmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sonuca göre ülkemizdeki Sağır bireylerin beklentileri karşılanamamaktadır.

Attitude and Expectations of the Deaf Society for Sign Language Translation Services in Television News Bulletins

The RTÜK regulation on the procedures and principles regarding the improvement of deaf, hearing and visually impaired access to broadcasting services was published in the Official Gazette in October 2019. According to the said regulation, broadcasting organizations are required to broadcast one of the main news bulletins daily with signed language. More than 5 television channel in Turkey, broadcasts news with sign language interpreting making it accessible to deaf individuals, thus making it one of the forms of public accessibility. There are concerns about whether Turkish Sign Language interpreting for news broadcasts is at the highest standard it could be. In order to fill this gap, providing options for deaf individuals to access television content and their evaluation on the quality of the service provided should be considered. The purpose of this study is the evaluation of Turkish Sign Language translation services in television news bulletins in our country in terms of both technical and translation quality and determining the expectations of deaf individuals in the society. In this study, which aims to determine the factors that negatively affect the Deaf community’s understanding of the TİD translation of television news bulletins, a questionnaire consisting of a total of 79 questions was applied to 1068 deaf individuals who voluntarily participated in data collecting of the research process. Online survey method was used during the study and the responses given accordingly were evaluated. As a result of the research, it was determined that the Deaf audience had difficulty in understanding the output of the Turkish Sign Language interpreters. This analysis showed that there was a lack of the interpreters Turkish Sign Language fluency that resulted with the Deaf individuals being unable to understand, in this respect this study has contributed to finding the reason of the problems in TİD interpretations. Thus it was concluded that the targeted goal of conveying information to the Deaf was not reached. According to the results of this study, the expectations of Deaf individuals in our country are not being met.

___

  • Allsop, L., & Kyle, J. G. (2008). Translating the News. English in international Deaf communication (ss. 383-401). Peter Lang International Academic Publishers.
  • Antonsen, S. (2006). A live interpreter channel in Norway: NRK1 Tegnspråk/NRK1 Sign Language. Proceedings of the Inaugural Conference of the World Association of Sign Language Interpreters. Coleford, Gloucestershire: Douglas McLean.
  • Avrupa Birliği Görsel-İşitsel Medya Hizmetleri Yönergesi, 15.4.2010, https://www.rtuk.gov.tr/avrupa-birligi-gorsel-isitsel-medya-hizmetleri-yonergesi/4934/3897/avrupa-birligi-gorsel-isitsel-medya-hizmetleri-yonergesi-1542010-tr-l-951.html
  • Baker-Shenk, C. L., & Padden, C. (1979). American Sign Language: A look at its history, structure, and community. TJ Pub Incorporated.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler Engelli Hakları Sözleşmesi, 13 Aralık 2006, http://www.tiemf.org.tr/arsiv /mevzutlar/bm_ engellihaklarisozlesmesi.pdf.
  • Bontempo, K., & Napier, J. (2011). Evaluating emotional stability as a predictor of interpreter competence and aptitude for interpreting. Interpreting, 13(1), 85-105.
  • Brien, (1992). Dictionary of British Sign Language/English. Faber and Faber, London,Boston Cambra, C., Silvestre, N., & Leal, A. (2008). Eğitimin çeşitli kademelerindeki işitme engelli öğrencilerin televizyon mesajlarını anlamaları. American Annals of the Deaf , 153 (5), 425-434.
  • Çeviri Derneği (2020). https://portal.myk.gov.tr/index.php?dl=Yeterlilik%2F2481%2FSON _TASLAK_PDF_20200504_191546.pdf&fileName=20UY0407-6++Rev+00+%C4%B0%C5 %9Faret+Dili+%C3%87evirmeni&option=com_yeterlilik
  • Dikyuva, H., Makaroğlu, B., & Arık, E. (2015). Türk işaret dili dilbilgisi kitabı. Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı Yayınları
  • Forestal, Eileen (2005). “The Emerging Professionals: Deaf Interpreters and Their Views and Experiences on Training”. M. Marschark, R. Peterson and E.A. Winston (eds). Sign Language Interpreting and Interpreter Education: Directions for Research and Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 235-258
  • Gile, D. (1995). Fidelity assessment in consecutive interpretation: An experiment. Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, 7(1), 151-164.
  • Gök, S. (1958). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de sağır dilsiz okulları tarihçesi ve eğitim sistemleri. Hüsnü Tabiat Basımevi.
  • Gökçe, İ. (2018). Accessibility of the Deaf to the television contents through sign language interpreting and SDH in Turkey. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 109-122.
  • Hogg, L. (2011). Funds of knowledge: An investigation of coherence within the literature. Teaching and Teacher Education 27, 666–677. DOI: 10.1016/j.tate.2010.11.005
  • Inghilleri, M. (2005). Mediating zones of uncertainty: Interpreter agency, the interpreting habitus and political asylum adjudication. The Translator, 11(1), 69-85. Jackson, D. W., Paul, P. V., & Smith, J. C. (1997). Prior knowledge and reading comprehension ability of deaf adolescents. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 2, 172-184.
  • Kaya, M. (2019). RTÜK – Sağır, İşitme ve Görme Engellilerin Medya Hizmetlerine Erişiminin İyleştirilmesi Çalıştayı Paneli. Yayımlanmamış konuşma metni. Kellett Bidoli, C. J. (2010). Interpreting from speech to sign: Italian television news reports., The Interpreters’ Newsletter, 15, 173-191.
  • Kurz, I. (1990). Overcoming language barriers in European television. D. Bowen ve M. Bowen (Ed.) Interpreting Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (ss. 168-175). John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Kurz, I. (1997). Getting the message across-Simultaneous interpreting for the media. Benjamins Translation Library, 20, 195-206.
  • Kurz, I., & Bros-Brann, E. (1996). L'terprétation en doğrudan pour la télévision. Les transferts linguistiques dans les medias audiovisuels, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 207-216.
  • Kurz, I., & Mikulasek, B. (2004). Television as a source of information for the deaf and hearing impaired. Captions and sign language on Austrian TV. Meta: Journal des traducteurs/Meta: Translators' Journal, 49(1), 81-88.
  • Kurz, K. B., & Langer, E. C. (2004). Student perspectives on educational interpreting: Twenty deaf and hard of hearing students offer insights and suggestions. E. A. Winston (Ed.), Educational interpreting: How it can succeed (ss. 9-47). Gallaudet University Press.
  • Kyle, J. (2007). Sign on television: Analysis of data based on projects carried out by the Deaf Studies Trust 1993–2005. Ofcom. https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/50181/deafstudies_annex.pdf
  • Kyle, J. G., Kyle, J., Woll, B., Pullen, G., & Maddix, F. (1988). Sign language: The study of deaf people and their language. Cambridge University Press.
  • Kyle, J., & Allsop, L. (1982). Deaf people and the community: Final report to the Nuffield Foundation. School of Education Research Unit, University of Bristol.
  • Kyle, J.G., & Woll, B. (1985). Sign language: The study of deaf people and their language. Cambridge. UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ladd, P. (2003). Understanding deaf culture: In search of deafhood. Multilingual Matters.
  • Leeson, L. (2005). Making the effort in simultaneous interpreting: Some considerations for signed language interpreters. T. Janzen (Ed.), Topics in Sign Language Interpreting, 51–68. John Benjamins.
  • Locker, R. (1990). Lexical equivalence in transliterating for deaf students in the university classroom: Two perspectives. Issues in Applied Linguistics, 1(2), 167-195. Marucha, A. N. (2016). Media integration of Kenya sign language during television newscasts in Kenya (Yayınlanmamaış doktora tezi), University of Nairobi.
  • McKee, R. (2014). Breaking news: Sign language interpreters on television during natural disasters. Interpreting, 16(1), 107-130.
  • Napier, J., & Barker, R. (2004). Accessing university education: Perceptions, preferences, and expectations for interpreting by deaf students. Journal of deaf studies and deaf education, 9(2), 228-238.
  • Napier, J., & Rohan, M. J. (2007). An invitation to dance: Deaf consumers' perceptions of signed language interpreters and interpreting. Translation, sociolinguistic, and consumer issues in interpeting (ss. 159-203). Gallaudet University Press.
  • Neves, J. (2007). Of pride and prejudice: The divide between subtitling and sign language interpreting on television. Leeson, Lorraine & Graham Turner (Eds). The Sign Language Translator & Interpreter (SLTI), 1(2), 251-274.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2019a). Görsel-işitsel çeviri ve engelsiz erişim. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş. (2019b). Görsel-işitsel çeviride yenilikçi araştırma alanlarına örnekler ve Türkiye’de araştırma boşluklarına bir bakış. Language and Literature, 14(3), 1395-1415.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş., & Kaya, M. (2020). Disability and the implication of coaccessibility: a case study on accessibility to the media in Turkey. Media, Culture & Society, 42(6), 987- 1002.
  • Okyayuz, A. Ş., Fırat, B., & Oral, Z. (2017). Sağırların ayrıntılı altyazı ve işaret dili çevirisiyle görsel-işitsel ürünlere erişimine ilişkin anket çalışması. Unpublished Survey.
  • Okyayuz, Ş., & Kaya, M. (2017). Görsel-işitsel çeviri eğitimi. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Pöchhacker, F. (2007). Coping with culture in media interpreting. Perspectives, 15(2), 123-142.
  • Rudvin, M. (2002). How neural is neural"? Issues in interaction and partecipation in community interpreting. G. Garzone (ed.). Perspectives on Interpreting, 33, 217- 233.
  • Ruuskanen, D. D. (1996). The effect of pragmatic factors on the definition of equivalence in translation. Language sciences, 18(3-4), 883-895.
  • Sönmez, Ö. F., Karatekin, K., & Merey, Z. (2013). Ulusal televizyon kanallarında engelli hakları. Electronic Turkish Studies, 8(8), 2073-2095.
  • Steiner, B. (1998). Signs from the void: The comprehension and production of sign language on television. Interpreting, 3(2), 99-146.
  • Stone, C. (2005). Deaf translators on television: Reconstructing the notion of'interpreter'. University of Bristol, Department of Sociology.
  • Stone, C. (2009). Toward a Deaf translation norm. Gallaudet University Press.
  • Stone, C. (2007) Deaf Access for Deaf People: The Translation of the Television News from English into British Sign Language. In Jorge Díaz Cintas, Pilar Orero and Aline Remael (Eds.), Media for All: Subtitling for the Deaf, Audio Description, and Sign Language (ss. 71-88). Rodopi.
  • Stratiy, A. (2005). Best practices in interpreting: a Deaf community perspective. T. Janzen (Ed.), Topics in signed languages and interpreting: theory and practice (ss. 231-250). John Benjamins.
  • Tyler, M. D., Jones, C., Grebennikov, L., Leigh, G., Noble, W., & Burnham, D. (2009). Effect of caption rate on the comprehension of educational television programmes by deaf school students. Deafness & Education International, 11(3), 152-162.
  • Wehrmeyer, E. (2015). Comprehension of television news signed language interpreters: A South African perspective. Interpreting, 17(2), 195-225
  • Wehrmeyer, J. (2014). Eye-tracking Deaf and hearing viewing of sign language interpreted news broadcasts. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 7(1), 1-16. doi:10.16910/jemr.7.1.3
  • Wehrmeyer, J. E. (2013). A critical investigation of Deaf comprehension of signed TV news interpretation (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), University of South Africa.
  • Witter-Merithew, A., Johnson, L. J., & Russell, D. (2005). Toward competent practice: Conversations with stakeholders. Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, Incorporated.
  • Woll B. (1991) Sign Language on Television: Final Report to Channel 4, Bristol, Centre for Deaf Studies.
  • Xiao, X., & Li, F. (2013). Sign language interpreting on Chinese TV: a survey on user perspectives. Perspectives, 21(1), 100-116
  • Xiao, X., & Yu, R. (2009). Survey on sign language interpreting in China. Interpreting, 11(2), 137-163.
  • Xiao, X., Chen, X., & Palmer, J. L. (2015). Chinese Deaf viewers’ comprehension of sign language interpreting on television: An experimental study. Interpreting, 17(1), 91-117.