TEKNOLOJİ TRANSFERİNİN TEKNOLOJİK GELİŞİM, ÜRETİM VE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ ÜRÜNLERİNİN İHRACATI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Uluslararası rekabette küreselleşme süreciyle birlikte, ülkelerin ve şirketlerin üretim süreçlerinde bilgi ve teknoloji faktörü en önemli rekabet avantajlarından biri haline gelmiştir. Bilgi ve teknoloji faktörü, ülkelerin üretim verimliliklerinde ve uluslararası rekabet avantajı elde etmelerinde olumlu etkiler göstermektedir. Çalışma kapsamında doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve ithalat yoluyla gerçekleştirilen teknoloji transferi ile Türkiye ülke içerisindeki teknoloji birikiminin Türkiye’nin teknolojik gelişimi, sanayi üretimi ve yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla; Türkiye ve Ekonomik Kalkınma ve İşbirliği Örgütü’ne (OECD) üye 11 ülkenin 2010 ve 2015 yılları arasındaki dönemi kapsayan doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, ithalat, yerli patent başvuruları, sanayi üretim endeksi ve yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatı ile panel veri analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar vasıtasıyla gerçekleşen teknoloji transferinin Türkiye’nin teknolojik gelişimi üzerinde anlamlı ve olumlu etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. İthalat yoluyla gerçekleştirilen teknoloji transferi ve ülke içindeki teknolojik birikimin Türkiye’nin teknolojik gelişimi, sanayi üretimi ve yüksek teknolojili ürün ihracatında anlamlı ve olumlu yönde etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER of TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION AND INFLUENCE ON EXPORT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGY PRODUCTS: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Along with globalization process in the international competitive, the knowledge and technology factor in countries and companies' production processes has become one of the most important competitive advantages. The information and technology factor has positive effects on countries' production efficiency and international competitive advantage. In this paper, it is investigated that the effects of technology transfer (through foreign direct investments and trade) and the accumulation of technological knowledge on Turkey's technological progress, industrial production and export of high-tech products. In this direction, analysis have been performed with panel data of foreign direct investments, imports, resident patent application, industrial production index and high-tech products exports related to Turkey and 11 OECD members countries. According to the results, it has been revealed that technology transfer through foreign direct investment, which is realized in Turkey, was significant and positive impact on technological development. In addition, it has been found that technology transfer through imports to Turkey and Turkey's accumulation of technological knowledge have significant and positive effect on technological development, industrial production and high-tech products exports.

PDF

___

Bozeman, B. (2000), “Technology Transfer and Public Policy: A Review of Research and Theory”, Research Policy, 29, 627-655.
Ciruelos, A. and M. Wang (2005), “International Technology Diffusion: Effects of Trade and FDI”, Atlantic Economic Journal, 33, 437–449.
Coe, D. T. and E. Helpman (1995), “International R & D Spillovers”, European Economic Review, 39, 859-887.
Çeştepe H. ve Ş. Tüylüoğlu (2006), “Yabancı Doğrudan Yatırımlar Yoluyla Teknoloji Transferi: İrlanda Örneğinden Türkiye için Dersler”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi,61 (2), 45-62.
Damijan, J. P., M. Knell, B. Majcen and M. Rojec (2003), “The Role of FDI, R&D Accumulation and Trade in Transferring Technology to Transition Countries: Evidence from Firm Panel Data for Eight Transition Countries”, Economic Systems, 27, 189–204.
Dubickis, M. and E. Gaile-Sarkane (2015), “Perspectives on Innovation and Technology Transfer”, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 965 – 970.
Eren, H., A. Kılıç ve H. Balcı (2015), “Savunma Sanayii İçin Teknoloji Transfer Yöntemi Seçimi” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi , 20 (4), 305-326.
Fracasso, A. and G. V. Marzetti (2015), “International Trade and R&D Spillovers”, Journal of International Economics, 96, 138–149.
Hejazi W. and A. E. Safarian (1999), “Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and R&D Spillovers”, Journal of International Business Studies, 30 (3), 491-511.
Im, K. S., M. H. Pesaran and Y. Shin (2003) "Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels," Journal of Econometrics, 115 (1), 53-74.
Kathuria, V. (2001), “Foreign Firms, Technology Transfer and Knowledge Spillovers to Indian Manufacturing Firms: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis”, Applied Economics, 33, 625-642.
Keller, W. (2009), “International Trade, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology Spillovers”, NBER Working Paper, No. 15442.
Kızılkaya, O., E. Sofuoğlu ve A. Ay (2017), “Yüksek Teknolojili Ürün İhracatı Üzerinde Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Dışa Açıklığın Etkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Panel Veri Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 18 (1), 63-78.
Kiper, M. (2004), “Teknoloji Transfer Mekanizmaları ve Bu Kapsamda Üniversite-Sanayi İşbirliği”, TMMOB (Derl.), Teknoloji, Ankara: TMMOB Yayınları, 59-122.
Köprücü, Y. (2017), “Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Teknolojik Yayılma ve Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği”, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15 (30), 105-122.
Lee, O., J. Lee and I. Oh (2006), “The Role of FDI on Transferring Technology to Korea”, PICMET 2006 Proceedings, 9-13 July, 1887-1891.
Levin, A., C. Lin and J. Chu (2002), "Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties," Journal of Econometrics, 108 (1), 1-24.
Li, J., R. Strange, L. Ning and D. Sutherland (2016), “Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Domestic Innovation Performance: Evidence from China”, International Business Review, 25, 1010–1019.
Newman, C., J. Rand, T. Talbot and F. Tarp (2015), “Technology Transfers, Foreign Investment and Productivity Spillovers”, European Economic Review, 76, 168–187.
Öcal, F. M. (2013), “Türkiye’de Sanayi Üretim Endeksi ve İmalat Sanayi Eğilim Göstergeleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Ekonometrik Analizi”, CBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11 (2), 242-258.
Pack, H. and K. Saggi (1997), “Inflows of Foreign Technology and Indigenous Technological Development”, Review of Development Economics, 181-198.
Parrado, R. and E. De Cian (2014), “Technology Spillovers Embodied in International Trade: Intertemporal, Regional and Sectoral Effects in a Global CGE Framework”, Energy Economics, 41, 76–89.
Phillips, R. (2002), “Technology Business Incubators: How Effective as Technology Transfer Mechanisms?”, Technology in Society, 24, 299–316.
Salim, A., M. R. Razavi and M. Afshari-Mofrad (2017), “Foreign Direct Investment and Technology Spillover in Iran: The Role of Technological Capabilities of Subsidiaries”, Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 122, 207–214.
Sazali, A. W. and C. R. Raduan (2011), The Handbook of Inter Firm Technology Transfer: An Integrated Knowledge- Based View and Organizational Learning Perspective, Germany: LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Takakuwa S. and I. Vezab (2014), “Technology Transfer and World Competitiveness”, Procedia Engineering, 69, 121 – 127.
Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2013), Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
Teece, D. (1977), “Technology Transfer by Multinational Firms: The Resource Cost of Transferring Technological Know-How”, The Economic Journal, 87, 242-261.
Wang, Q. and L. Zhang (2012), “Trade Liberalization and Technology Innovation”, 2012 Second International Conference on Business Computing and Global Informatization, 443-446.
Xu, B. and J. Wang (2000), “Trade, FDI, and International Technology Diffusion”, Journal of Economic Integration, 15 (4), 585-601.
Zu, L. and B. N. Jeon (2007), “International R&D Spillovers: Trade, FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels”, Review of International Economics, 15 (5), 955–976.